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Claimants

  • Guan Yu - a general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. Guan was deified as early as the Sui Dynasty and is still worshipped by many Chinese people today, especially in southern China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and among many overseas Chinese communities. He is a figure in Chinese folk religion, popular Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Buddhism, and small shrines to Guan are almost ubiquitous in traditional Chinese shops and restaurants. Many Buddhists accept him as a bodhisattva that guards the Buddhist faith and temples.
  • Wu Zetian - the only ruling female emperor in the history of China, and founder of her own dynasty, the Second Zhou dynasty. Ruled under the name Emperor Shengshen. Gained popular support by advocating Buddhism but ruthlessly persecuted her opponents within the royal family (by cutting off their arms and legs and inserting them in jars) and the nobility. She proclaimed herself an incarnation of Maitreya and made Luoyang the "holy capital".
  • Gung Ye - Korean warlord and king of the short-lived state of Taebong during the 10th century. Claimed to be the living incarnation of Maitreya and ordered his subjects to worship him. His claim was rejected by most Buddhist monks and later he was dethroned and killed by his own servants.
  • Nurhaci (Emperor Tai Zu) - founder and leader of the Qing Dynasty. Believed he was a manifestation of Manjushri Bodhisattva.
  • Lu Zhongyi - the 17th patriarch of the I-Kuan Tao. I-Kuan Tao followers believe that he is the first leader of the "White Sun" Era, the era of the apocalypse, thus he is the incarnation of Maitreya.
  • Baha'u'llah - prophet of Persian origin, founder of the Baha'i Faith stated publicly in 1863 CE that he is the promised Manifestation of God for this age predicted in all prophetic religions of the past.[1][2] Shoghi Effendi, eldest grandson and authorized interpreter of the sacred writings of Bahá'u'lláh and guardian of Baha'i Faith from 1921 to 1957, identifies Bahá'u'lláh as "the fifth buddha" and "a Buddha named Maitreye, the Buddha of universal fellowship".[3]
  • Mirza Ghulam Ahmad - Ghulam Ahmad has claimed many titles he says were given to him by God including being a universal prophet for all religions (including Buddhism). In 1889 he found the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, preaching Islam as a universal faith which came to support the true teachings of all other religions lost over the centuries.
  • Peter Deunov (Master Beinsa Douno) - spiritual teacher, founder of a teaching and school of Esoteric Christianity. Some students of Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian philosopher, have identified Master Beinsa Douno as a manifestation of Maitreya in the late 20th century.
  • Ruth Norman (Uriel) - founder of the Unarius Academy of Science. Claims to have had fifty-five past lives, some included were reincarnations of the Buddha, Socrates, King Arthur, Confucius and a king of Atlantis.
  • Samael Aun Weor - stated in The Aquarian Message that "the Maitreya Buddha Samael is the Kalki Avatar of the New Age." The Kalkian Avatar and Maitreya Buddha, he claimed, are the same "White Rider" of the book of Revelation.
  • Jim Jones - leader of the Peoples Temple cult. Jones claimed to be a living incarnation of the Buddha as well as Jesus Christ, Pharaoh Akhenaten, Father Divine and Vladimir Lenin.
  • Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh - also known as Acharya Rajneesh from the 1960s onwards, as Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (during the 1970s and 1980s and as Osho from 1989) was an Indian mystic, guru, and spiritual teacher who garnered an international following. Osho later said he became spiritually enlightened on 21 March 1953, when he was 21 years old, in a mystical experience while sitting under a tree in the Bhanvartal Garden in Jabalpur.[4][5]
  • Ariffin Mohammed - founder of the Sky Kingdom. His movement had a commune based in Besut, Terengganu, that was demolished by the Malaysian government in 2005. He also claimed to be an incarnation of the Mahdi, Muhammad, Jesus and Shiva.
  • Claude Vorilhon (Raël) - Vorilhon claims to be Maitreya.
  • Lu Sheng-yen - founder and spiritual teacher of the newly created Buddhist lineage called the True Buddha School. Lu claims that in the late 1980s, he had reached enlightenment while training under a formless teacher and that he is an incarnation of Padmakumara, a deity in the Western Pure Land kingdom. He has since then called himself "Living Buddha Lian Sheng".
  • Ronald Lloyd Spencer - born in Oregon in 1951, he claims to be the Buddha Maitreya[6][7][8][9][10][11]. He claims to have been recognized by Tibetan masters when he was nine[12][13]. Spencer has founded religious centers and clinics including "Buddha Maitreya Shambhala Monastery" in California[14] and has organized religious activity between his group in the United States and groups in Tibet[15][16].
  • Ram Bahadur Bomjon (other names Buddha Boy, Maha Sambodhi, Dharma Sangha, Maitriya Guru, Palden Dorje, Tapasvi) - a 29 year old Nepalese ascetic whom many have hailed as a new Buddha. According to his brother Gangajit, a "very clear and white" light "different from sunlight" emanated from his head. On November 8, 2005 Palden Dorje arose and said to the public, "Tell the people not to call me a Buddha. I don't have the Buddha's energy. I am at the level of rinpoche." However, to his nearest followers Bomjon seems to share different identities. "His followers consider him to be Parmatma (supreme soul) and above Lord Buddha.", "His followers claim his level of knowledge is above that of Lord Buddha. They claim Siddhartha Gautam reached a Sambuddha (self-enlightened) state but Bomjon has attained Mahasambodhi (greater form of self-enlightenment) state", "Some even claim he has left Sukhapati Bhawan (heavenly abode where Amitabh Buddha is said to reside) replete with amenities and bliss, and come to the earth for the good of the world."[17] Naming himself publicly from 2012 as Maitriya Guru, he and his followers also openly claim that he is the awaited Maitreya Buddha.
  • Babasaheb Ambedkar is regarded as a Bodhisattva, the Maitreya, among the Navayana followers.[18][19] In practice, the Navayana followers revere Ambedkar, states Jim Deitrick, as virtually on par with the Buddha.[20] He is considered as the one prophesied to appear and teach the dhamma after it was forgotten, his iconography is a part of Navayana shrines and he is shown with a halo.[19] Though Ambedkar states Navayana to be atheist, Navayana viharas and shrines features images of the Buddha and Ambedkar, and the followers bow and offer prayers before them in practice.[21] According to Junghare, for the followers of Navayana, Ambedkar has become a deity and is devotionally worshipped.[22]
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    Definition Etymology In other languages
    abhidhamma A category of scriptures that attempts to use Buddhist teachings to create a systematic, abstract description of all worldly phenomena
    • abhi is "above" or "about", dhamma is "teaching"
    • Pāli: abhidhamma
    • Sanskrit: abhidharma
    • Khmer: អភិធម្ម
    • Bur: အဘိဓမ္မာ abhidhamma (IPA: [əbḭdəmà])
    • Tib: ཆོས་མངོན་པ chos mngon pa
    • Mn: их ном, билиг ухаан; ikh nom, bilig ukhaan
    • Thai: อภิธรรม a-pi-tam
    • 阿毘達磨／阿毗昙
      • Cn: Āpídámó
      • Jp: Abidatsuma
      • Ko: 아비달마, Abidalma
      • Vi: a-tì-đạt-ma, thắng pháp
    Abhidhamma Pitaka The third basket of the Tripitaka canon, the reorganization of all doctrines in a systematic way
    • Pāli: Abhidhamma-piṭaka
    • Sanskrit: Abhidharma-piṭaka
    • Bur: အဘိဓမ္မာပိဋကတ် Abidhamma Pitakat (IPA: [əbḭdamà pḭdəɡaʔ])
    • Mon: အဘိဓဝ်ပိတကတ ([əpʰìʔtʰò pɔeʔtəkɔt])
    • Thai: อภิธรรมปิฎก a-pi-tam-pi-dok
    • 論藏, 論蔵
      • Cn: Lùnzàng
      • Jp: Ronzō
      • Ko: 논장, Nonjang
      • Vi: Luận tạng, Tạng luận, tạng thứ ba trong ba tạng là kinh, luật và luận
    • Mn: Илт ном, Ilt nom
    acariya, lit. "teacher", One of the two teachers of a novice monk - the other one is called upādhyāya
    • Pāli: ācariya[1]
    • Sanskrit: ācārya
    • Bur: ဆရာ saya (IPA: [sʰəjà])
    • Shan: ဢႃႇၸရီႉယႃႉ atsariya ([ʔaː˨ tsa˩ ri˥ jaː˥])
    • Thai: อาจารย์ ajahn
    • 阿闍梨 or 阿闍梨耶
      • Cn: āshélí or āshélíyē
      • Jp: ajari or ajariya
      • Ko: 아사리, asari or 아사리야 asariya
      • Vi: a-xà-lê or a-xà-lê-da or giáo thọ sư
    adhitthana Determination, to pray, to wish
    • Pāli: Adhiṭṭhāna
    • Sanskrit: अधिष्ठान
    • Bur: အဓိဋ္ဌာန် (IPA: [ədeɪʔtʰàɴ])
    • Thai: อธิษฐาน ah-tid-taan
    • 決心 or 決意
      • Cn: Juéxīn, juéyì
      • Jp: kesshin
      • Ko: 결심, gyeolsim or 결의, gyeolui
      • Vi: nguyện lực
    Agama The non-Mahayana divisions of the Sutra Pitaka
    • Sanskrit: Āgama
    • Pāli: Āgama (but usually called Nikāya)
    • 阿含
      • Cn: Āhán
      • Jp: Agon
      • Ko: 아함, Aham
      • Vi: A-hàm
    ahimsa The devotion to non-violence and respect for all forms of life. Practicers of ahimsa are often vegetarians or vegans
    • Sanskrit: ahiṃsā
    • Pāli: ahiṃsā
    • Thai: อหิงสา 'ah-hing-sa'
    • 不害
      • Cn: bù hài
      • Jp: fugai
      • Ko: 불해, bulhae
      • Vi: bất hại
    Akshobhya
    • Sanskrit: Akṣobhya
    • Mn: ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠦᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ;
      Үл Хөдлөгч, Хөдөлшгүй;
    • 阿閦如來
      • Cn: Āchùrúlái
      • Jp: Ashuku Nyorai
      • Vi: A-súc Như Lai
    Ködelüsi ügei, Ülü hödelügci
    alayavijnana, see store consciousness
    • Sanskrit: ālayavijñāna
    • Tib: ཀུན་གཞི་རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ་
      kun gzhi rnam par shes pa
    • 阿賴耶識, 阿頼耶識
      • Cn: ālàiyēshí
      • Jp: araya-shiki
      • Ko: 아뢰야식, aroeyasik
      • Vi: a-lại-da thức
    Amitabha Lit. "The Buddha of Infinite Light". The main buddha of the Pure Land school, but is popular in other Mahayana sects as well. The image is of light as the form of wisdom, which has no form. Also interpreted as the Tathagata of Unhindered Light that Penetrates the Ten Quarters by Tan Luan, Shinran and others
    • Sanskrit: amitābha (lit. "limitless light") and amitāyus (lit. "limitless life")
    • 阿彌陀 or 阿彌陀佛, 阿弥陀 or 阿弥陀仏
      • Cn: Ēmítuó or Ēmítuó fó
      • Jp: Amida or Amida-butsu
      • Ko: 아미타, Amita or 아미타불, Amitabul
      • Vi: A-Di-Đà, A-Di-Đà Phật, or Phật A-Di-Đà
    • Tib: འོད་དཔག་མེད།
    • Mn: ᠠᠮᠢᠨᠳᠠᠸᠠ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ;
      Аминдаваа, Цаглашгүй гэрэлт;
      Amindava, Tsaglasi ügei gereltü
    Amoghasiddhi
    • Sanskrit: Amoghasiddhi
    • Tib: Dön yö drub pa
    • Mn: ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠨᠥᠭᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠦᠢᠢᠯᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡ᠋᠌᠋᠋ᠺᠴᠢ;
      Төгс Нөгчигсөн, Үйл Бүтээгч;
      Tegüs nögcigsen, Üyile Bütügegci
    anagarika A white-robed student in the Theravada tradition who, for a few months, awaits being considered for Samaneras ordination
    • Pāli: anāgarika
    • Thai: อนาคาริก a-na-ka-rik
    anapanasati Mindfulness of the breath meditation
    • Pāli: ānāpānasati
    • Sanskrit: ānāpānasmṛti
    • Bur: အာနာပါန anapana (IPA: [ànàpàna̰])
    anatta The principle denial of the soul in any phenomena. See also negative theology.
    • Pāli: anattā
    • Sanskrit: anātman
    • Bur: အနတ္တ anatta (IPA: [ənaʔta̰])
    • Shan: ဢၼတ်ႉတႃႉ ([ʔa˩ nat˥ taː˥])
    • 無我
      • Cn: wúwǒ
      • Jp: muga
      • Ko: 무아, mua
      • Vi: vô ngã
    anicca Impermanence
    • Pāli: anicca
    • Sanskrit: anitya
    • Bur: အနိစ္စ aneissa (IPA: [əneɪʔsa̰])
    • Shan: ဢၼိၵ်ႈၸႃႉ ([ʔa˩ nik˧ tsaː˥])
    • Thai: อนิจจา anijja
    • 無常
      • Cn: wúcháng
      • Jp: mujō
      • Ko: 무상, musang
      • Vi: vô thường
    anuttara Unsurpassing
    • Pāli: anuttara
    • Sanskrit: anuttara
    • 阿耨多羅／阿耨多罗 (無上／无上)
      • Cn: Ānòuduōluó ("wǔshàng")
      • Jp: anokutara
      • Ko: 아뇩다라, anyokdara
      • Vi: A-nậu-đà-la (vô thượng)
      • Fi: Ylittämätön
    arhat, lit. "the Worthy One", A living person who has reached Enlightenment
    • Pāli: arahat or arahant
    • Sanskrit: arhat or arhant
    • Bur: ရဟန္တာ yahanda (IPA: [jaháɴdà])
    • Shan: ရႁၢၼ်းတႃႇ rahanta ([ra˩ haːn˦ taː˨])
    • Tib: དགྲ་ཅོམ་པ་, dgra com pa
    • Mn: архад, arkhad
    • Thai: อรหันต์ uh-ra-hann
    • 阿羅漢
      • Cn: āluóhàn
      • Jp: arakan
      • Ko: 아라한, arahan
      • Vi: a-la-hán
    anuttara samyak sambodhi, unsurpassable, complete, perfect enlightenment; unsurpassable, right, and full enlightenment
    • Pāli:
    • Sanskrit:
    • Khmer: អនុត្តរសម្មាសម្ពោធិ "ak-nut-tha-rak-sam-ma-sam-po-thi"
    • Tib: ,
    • 阿耨多罗三藐三菩提 (or 無上正等正覺)
      • Cn: ānòuduōluó sānmiǎosānpútí (or wúshàng zhèngděng zhèngjué)
      • Jp: anokutara sanmyakusanbodai
      • Ko: 아뇩다라삼먁삼보리, Anyokdara sammyak sambori
      • Vi: A-nậu-đà-la tam-miệu tam-bồ-đề, Vô-thượng chánh-đẳng chánh-giác, Sáng-suốt giác-ngộ hoàn-toàn
    atman literally "self", sometimes "soul" or "ego". In Buddhism, the predominant teaching is the negating doctrine of anatman, that there is no permanent, persisting atman, and that belief in atman is the prime consequence of ignorance, the foundation of samsara
    • Pāli: atta
    • Sanskrit: ātman
    • Bur: အတ္တ atta (IPA: [aʔta̰])
    • 我
      • Cn: wǒ
      • Jp: ga
      • Ko: 아, a
      • Vi: ngã
    Avalokitesvara, lit. "One Who Hears the Suffering Cries of the World", The bodhisattva of compassion (see also Guan Yin)
    • Sanskrit: Avalokiteśvara
    • Bur: လောကနတ် lawka nat (IPA: [lɔ́ka̰ naʔ])
    • Tib: སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་ spyan ras gzigs
    • Mn: Жанрайсиг, Janraisig
    • 觀世音 or 觀音
      • Cn: Guānshì Yīn or Guān Yīn
      • Jp: Kanzeon or Kannon
      • Ko: 관세음, Gwanse-eum or 관음, Gwaneum
      • Vi: "Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát" , "Quán Thế Âm Bồ Tát' or "Quan Âm"
    avidya "ignorance" or "delusion"
    • Sanskrit: avidyā
    • Pāli: avijjā
    • Bur: အဝိဇ္ဇာ aweizza (IPA: [əweɪʔ zà])
    • Shan: ဢဝိၵ်ႉၸႃႇ awitsa ([ʔa wik˥ tsaː˨])
    • Thai: อวิชชา aa-wit-sha
    • Tib: མ་རིག་པ་ ma rig-pa
    • 無明
      • Cn: wúmíng
      • Jp: mumyō
      • Ko: 무명, mumyeong
      • Vi: vô minh
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    bardo, lit. "intermediate state" or "in-between state", According to Tibetan tradition, the state of existence intermediate between two lives
    • Tib: བར་མ་དོའི་སྲིད་པ་ bar ma do'i srid pa
    • Sanskrit: antarābhava
    • Mn: зуурд, zuurd
    • 中有,中陰身
      • Cn: zhongyǒu
      • Jp: chūu
      • Ko: 중유 jungyu or 바르도 bareudo
      • Vi: trung hữu, trung ấm thân, thân trung-ấm
    bhavacakra/bhavacakka A circular symbolic representation of samsara, also known as Wheel of becoming
    • Pāli: bhavacakka
    • Sanskrit: bhava-cakra
    • Bur: ဘဝစက် bawa set (IPA: [bəwa̰ sɛʔ])
    • Mon: ဘဝစက် ([həwɛ̀ʔ cɛk])
    • Shan: ၽဝႃႉၸၢၵ်ႈ ([pʰa˩ waː˥ tsaːk˧])
    • Tib: སྲིད་པའི་འཁོར་ལ
    • Mn: Орчлонгийн хүрдэн, Orchlongiin khurden
    • 有輪
      • Cn: yǒulún
      • Jp: ariwa
      • Ko: 유륜, yuryun
      • Vi: hữu luân
    bhante The polite particle used to refer to Buddhist monks in the Theravada tradition. Bhante literally means "Venerable Sir."
    • Pāli
    bhava Becoming, being, existing; the 10th link of Pratitya-samutpada
    • Pāli, Sanskrit: bhava
    • Bur: ဘဝ bawa (IPA: [bəwa̰])
    • Mon: ဘဝ ([həwɛ̀ʔ])
    • Shan: ၽဝႃႉ ([pʰa˩ waː˥])
    • Thai: ภาวะ pa-wah
    • 有(十二因緣)
      • Cn: yǒu
      • Jp: u
      • Ko: 유, yu
      • Vi: hữu (thập nhị nhân duyên)
    bhikkhu/bhikshu, lit. "beggar", A Buddhist monk
    • Pāli: bhikkhu
    • Sanskrit: bhikṣu
    • Bur: ဘိက္ခု bheikkhu (IPA: [beɪʔkʰù])
    • Shan: ၽိၵ်ႈၶူႇ ([pʰik˧ kʰu˨])
    • Tib: དགེ་སློང་ dge slong
    • Mn: гэлэн, gelen
    • Thai: ภิกขุ bhikku
    • 比丘
      • Cn: bǐ qiū
      • Jp: biku
      • Ko: 비구, bigu or 스님 seunim, also 중, jung (pejorative)
      • Vi: tì-kheo
    bhikkhuni/bhikshuni A Buddhist nun
    • from bhikkhu
    • Pāli: bhikkhuni
    • Sanskrit: bhikṣuni
    • Bur: ဘိက္ခုနီ bheikkhuni (IPA: [beɪʔkʰùnì])
    • Shan: ၽိၵ်ႈၶူႇၼီႇ ([pʰik˧ kʰu˨ ni˨])
    • Kar: ဘံကူနံ or ဖံဝါ "beegoonee" or "hpeewah"
    • Tib: དགེ་སློང་མ་ sde slong ma
    • Mn: гэлэнмаа, gelenmaa
    • Thai: ภิกษุณี bhiksuni
    • 比丘尼
      • Cn: bǐqiūní"
      • Jp: bikuni
      • Ko: 비구니, biguni, 여승 (女僧), yeoseung
      • Vi: tỉ-khâu-ni, tỉ-khưu-ni or tì-kheo-ni, ni
    bija, lit. "seed", A metaphor for the origin or cause of things, used in the teachings of the Yogacara school
    • Sanskrit: bīja
    • Bur: ဗီဇ biza (IPA: [bì za̰])
    • 種子
      • Cn: zhŏngzi
      • Jp: shūji
      • Ko: 종자, jongja
      • Vi: chủng tử, hạt giống, hột giống
    bodhi Awakening or Enlightenment
    • Pāli, Sanskrit: bodhi
    • Bur: ဗောဓိ bawdhi (IPA: [bɔ́dḭ])
    • Shan: ပေႃးထီႉ ([pɔ˦ tʰi˥])
    • Thai: โพธิ์ poe
    • Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ byang chub
    • Mn: бодь, bodi
    • 菩提
      • Cn: pútí
      • Jp: bodai
      • Ko: 보리, bori
      • Vi: bồ-đề, giác, giác ngộ
    Bodhi tree The Sacred Fig (Ficus religiosa) tree under which Gautama reached Enlightenment
    • Bur: ဗောဓိညောင် bawdhi nyaung (IPA: [bɔ́ dḭ ɲàʊɴ])
    • Shan: ၺွင်ႇပေႃးထီႉ ([ɲɔŋ˨ pɔ˦ tʰi˥])
    • 菩提樹
      • Cn: Pútíshù
      • Jp: Bodaiju
      • Ko: 보리수, Borisu
      • Vi: Bồ-đề thụ, Bồ-đề thọ, cây Bồ-đề
    bodhicitta The motivation of a bodhisattva
    • Pāli, Sanskrit: bodhicitta
    • Bur: ဗောဓိစိတ္တ bawdhi seitta (IPA: [bɔ́dḭ seɪʔ da̰])
    • Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས་, byang chub kyi sems
    • Mn: бодь сэтгэл, bodi setgel
    • 菩提心
      • Cn: pútíxīn
      • Jp: bodaishin
      • Ko: 보리심, borisim
      • Vi: bồ-đề tâm
    bodhisattva One with the intention to become a Buddha in order to liberate all other sentient beings from suffering
    • Pāli: bodhisatta
    • Sanskrit: bodhisattva
    • Bur: ဗောဓိသတ် bawdhi that (IPA: [bɔ́ dḭ θaʔ])
    • Mon: တြုံ လၟောဝ် ကျာ် ([kraoh kəmo caik])
    • Thai: โพธิสัตว์ poe-ti-satt
    • Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ, byang chub sems dpaʼ
    • Mn: бодьсад(ва), bodisad(va)
    • 菩薩
      • Cn: púsà
      • Jp: bosatsu
      • Ko: 보살, bosal
      • Vi: bồ-tát
    Boghda Holy, living Buddha, living Boddhisattva. The title of Jebtsundamba Khutuktu; also title used with the names of highest Buddhist masters, e.g. boghda Tsongkhapa, Panchen boghda
    • Shan: ၽၵ်ႈၵဝႃႇ ([pʰak˧ ka˩ waː˨])
    • Mn: богд, bogd
    • Tib: བོག་ད་ bogda
    Buddha A Buddha; also, the Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama.
    • from √budh: to awaken
    • Pāli, Sanskrit: buddha
    • Bur: ဗုဒ္ဓ bodha (IPA: [boʊʔda̰])
    • Shan: ပုၵ်ႉထႃႉ ([puk˥ tʰaː˥])
    • Tib: སངས་རྒྱས sangs rgyas
    • Mn: бурхан, burhan
    • 佛, 仏, 仏陀
      • Cn: fó
      • Jp: butsu or hotoke or budda
      • Ko: 불, Bul or 부처, Bucheo
      • Vi: Phật or Bụt
    buddha nature The uncreated and deathless Buddhic element or principle concealed within all sentient beings to achieve Awakening; the innate (latent) Buddha essence (esp. in the Tathagatagarbha sutras, Tendai/Tiantai, Nichiren thought)
    • Sanskrit: buddha-dhatu, buddha-svabhāva, "tathagata-dhatu", or tathagatagarbha.
    • 佛性, 仏性
      • Cn: fóxìng
      • Jp: busshō
      • Ko: 불성, bulseong
      • Vi: Phật tính, Phật tánh, Cái tánh sáng-suốt giác-ngộ hoàn-toàn
    Buddhism
    • from √budh: to awaken
    • Pāli, Sanskrit:
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    cetana Volition
    • Pali: cetana
    Cetiya A reliquary holding holy objects of veneration
    • Pali: cetiya
    • Sanskrit: caitya
    • Bur: စေတီ zedi (IPA: [zèdi])
    • Khm:
    • Mon: စေတဳ setaow ([cetɔe])
    • Shan: ၸေႇတီႇ tseti ([tse˨ ti˨])
    • Sin: චෛත්යයය chedi
    • Thai: เจดีย์ chetiya
    • Tib: མཆོད་རྟེན༏ mchod rten (chorten)
    • 塔
      • Zh: Ta
      • Vi: Tháp
      • Ko: Tap
      • Jp: 卒塔婆 sotōba
    chanda intention,interest, desire to act, aspiration
    • Pali: chanda
    • Sanskrit: chanda
    • Tib: འདུན་པ།
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    dakini A supernatural female with volatile temperament who serves as a muse for spiritual practice. Dakinis are often depicted naked to represent the truth
    • Sanskrit: ḍākinī
    • Tibetan: མཁའ་འགྲོ་མ་, Wylie: mkha' 'gro ma
    • Mn: дагина, dagina
    • 空行女, 荼枳尼天
      • Cn: kong xing mu
      • Jp: Dakini-ten
      • Ko: 다키니 dakini or 공행녀 gonghaengnyeo
      • Vi: không hành nữ
    Dalai Lama, lit. "the lama with wisdom like an ocean", secular and spiritual leader of Tibet as nominated by the Mongols
    • Mn: далай, dalai, lit. "ocean"
    • Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་ taa-la'i bla-ma
    • 達賴喇嘛
      • Cn: Dálài Lǎma
      • Jp: Darai Rama
      • Ko: 달라이 라마 dalai nama
      • Vi: Đạt Lai Lạt Ma or Đạt-lại Lạt-ma
    dana Generosity or giving; in Buddhism, it also refers to the practice of cultivating generosity
    • Pāli, Sanskrit: dāna
    • Bur: ဒါန dana (IPA: [dàna̰])
    • Mon: ဒါန ([tɛ̀anɛ̀ʔ]) or ဒါန် ([tàn])
    • Thai: ทาน taan
    • 布施
      • Cn: bùshī
      • Jp: fuse
      • Ko: 보시 bosi
      • Vi: bố thí
    • Mn: өглөг
    deva many different types of non-human beings who share the characteristics of being more powerful, longer-lived, and, in general, living more contentedly than the average human being
    • Pāli and Sanskrit: deva
    • Bur: ဒေဝ dewa (IPA: [dèwa̰])
    • Khmer: ទេព or preah (ព្រះ)
    • Mn: тэнгэр tenger
    • Mon: ဒေဝတဴ tewetao ([tèwətao])
    • Shan: တေႇဝႃႇ ([a˨ wɔ˨])
    • 天
      • Zh: tiān
      • Ko: cheon
      • Jp: ten
      • Vi: thiên
    dependent origination, see Pratityasamutpada
    • Pāli: paṭicca-samuppāda
    • Sanskrit: pratītya-samutpāda
    • Bur: ပဋိစ္စသမုပ္ပါဒ် padeissa thamopad (IPA: [pədeɪʔsa̰ θəmoʊʔpaʔ])
    • Tib: rten.cing.'brel.bar.'byung.ba
    • Mn: шүтэн барилдлага shuten barildlaga
    • 因縁, also 緣起, 縁起
      • Cn: yīnyuan, also yuánqǐ
      • Jp: innen, also engi
      • Ko: 인연 inyeon, also 연기 yeongi
      • Vi: nhân duyên, duyên khởi
    dhamma/dharma Often refers to the doctrines and teachings of the faith, but it may have broader uses. Also, it is an important technical term meaning something like "phenomenological constituent." This leads to the potential for confusion, puns, and double entendres, as the latter meaning often has negative connotations
    • from √dhṛ: to hold
    • Pāli: dhamma
    • Sanskrit: dharma
    • Bur: ဓမ္မ dhamma (IPA: [dəma̰])
    • Mon: ဓဝ် ([thò])
    • Thai: ธรรมะ tharrma
    • Tibetan: ཆོས་, Wylie: chos
    • Mn: дээдийн ном, deediin nom
    • 法
      • Cn: fă
      • Jp: hō
      • Ko: beop
      • Vi: pháp
    dhammavinaya The dharma and vinaya (roughly "doctrine and discipline") considered together. This term essentially means the whole teachings of Buddhism as taught to monks
    • Mn: суртгаал номхотгол, surtgaal nomkhotgol
    dhammacakka/dharmacakra A symbolic representation of the dharma, also known as the Wheel of Dharma
    • Sanskrit: dharmacakra
    • Pāli: dhammacakka
    • Bur: ဓမ္မစကြာ dhamma sekya (IPA: [dəməsɛʔtɕà])
    • Tibetan: ཆོས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ, Wylie: chos kyi ʼkhor lo
    • Mn: номын хүрдэн, momiin khurden
    • 法輪
      • Cn: Fǎlún
      • Jp: hōrin
      • Ko: beomnyun
      • Vi: pháp luân
    Dhammapada a versified Buddhist scripture traditionally ascribed to the Buddha
    • Pāli: Dhammapada
    • Sanskrit: Dharmapada
    • Bur: ဓမ္မပဒ Dhammapada (IPA: [dəma̰pəda̰])
    • 法句經
      • Chinese: 法句经; pinyin: Fǎjù jīng
      • Jp: Hokkukyō (shin. 法句経)
      • Ko: Beopgugyeong
      • Vi: Kinh Pháp Cú
    dhammapala/dharmapala A fearsome deity, known as protector of the Dharma
    • Sanskrit: dharmapāla
    • Pāli: dhammapāla
    • Tib: ཆོས་སྐྱོང་ chos skyong
    • Mn: догшид, dogshid; хангал, khangal
    • 護法
      • Cn: hùfǎ
      • Jp: gohō
      • Ko: hobeop
      • Vi: Hộ Pháp
    Dhyana, see jhana
    • Pāli: jhāna
    • Sanskrit: dhyāna
    • Bur: ဈာန် zan (IPA: [zàɴ])
    • Mon: ဇျာန် ([chàn])
    • Mn: дияан, diyan
    • 禪 or 禪那, 禅 or 禅那
      • Cn: Chán or Chánnà
      • Jp: Zen or Zenna
      • Ko: Seon
      • Vi: Thiền or Thiền-na
    Dīpankara Buddha
    • Pāli: Dīpamkara
    • Sanskrit: Dīpankara
    • Bur: ဒီပင်္ကရာ dipankara (IPA: [dìpɪ̀ɴkəɹà])
    • Thai: พระทีปังกรพุทธเจ้า
    • 燃燈佛
      • Cn: Rándēng Fo
      • Jp: Nentōbutsu
      • Vi: Nhiên-đăng Phật
    doan In Zen, a term for person sounding the bell that marks the beginning and end of Zazen
    • Japanese: 堂行 dōan
    dokusan A private meeting between a Zen student and the master. It is an important element in Rinzai Zen training, as it provides an opportunity for the student to demonstrate understanding
    • Japanese: 独参 dokusan
    • 獨參
      • Cn: dúcān
      • Ko: dokcham
      • Vi: độc tham
    dudie official certificate for monks and nuns issued by government
    • 度牒
      • Cn: dùdié
      • Jp: dochō
      • Ko: ??
      • Vi: ??
    dukkha Suffering, dissatisfaction, unsatisfactoriness, stress
    • Pāli: dukkha
    • Sanskrit: duḥkha
    • Bur: ဒုက္ခ doukkha (IPA: [doʊʔkʰa̰])
    • Shan: တုၵ်ႉၶႃႉ ([tuk˥ kʰaː˥])
    • Thai: ทุกข์ took
    • Tib: སྡུག་བསྔལ་ sdug bsngal
    • Mn: зовлон, zovlon
    • 苦
      • Cn: kǔ
      • Jp: ku
      • Ko: go
      • Vi: khổ
    dzogchen The natural, intrinsic state of every sentient being
    • Tibetan: རྫོགས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ rdzogs pa chen po
    • Sanskrit: atiyoga
    • 大究竟
      • Cn: dàjiūjìng
      • Jp: daikukyō
      • Ko: daegugyeong
      • Vi: đại cứu cánh
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    Five Five-Hundred-Year Periods Five sub-divisions of the three periods following the Buddha's passing (三時繫念 Cn: sānshí; Jp: sanji; Vi: tam thời), significant for many Mahayana adherents:
    1. Age of enlightenment (解脱堅固 Cn: jiětuō jiāngù; Jp: gedatsu kengo)
    2. Age of meditation (禅定堅固 Cn: chándìng jiāngù; Jp: zenjō kengo)
      These two ages comprise the Former Day of the Law (正法時期 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō)
    3. Age of reading, reciting, and listening (読誦多聞堅固 Cn: sòngduōwén jiāngù; Jp: dokuju tamon kengo)
    4. Age of building temples and stupas (多造塔寺堅固 Cn: duōzào tǎsì jiāngù; Jp: tazō tōji kengo)
      These two ages comprise the Middle Day of the Law (像法時期 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō)
    5. Age of conflict (闘諍堅固 Cn: zhēng jiāngù; Jp: tōjō kengo), an age characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other natural and human-made disasters.
      This age corresponds to the beginning of the Latter Day of the Law (末法時期 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō) when the (historical) Buddha's teachings would lose all power of salvation and perish (白法隠没 Cn: báifǎméi; Jp: byakuhō onmotsu) and a new Buddha would appear to save the people.
    • The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集 Cn: dàjí; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō).
    • 五箇五百歲, 五箇五百歳
      • Cn: 五箇五百歲 wǔ ge wǔbǎi suì
      • Jp: 五箇の五百歳 go no gohyaku sai
      • Vi: ??
    Four Noble Truths
    1. Truth of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, stress) (Sanskrit: duḥkhāryasatya; Bur: ဒုက္ခ dokkha; Thai: ทุกข์; 苦諦 Cn: kǔdì; Jp: kutai; Vi: khổ đế; Mn: зовлон, zovlon)
    2. Truth of the origin (samudaya) of dukkha (Sanskrit: samudayāryasatya; Bur: သမုဒယ thamodaya; Thai: สมุทัย; 集諦 Cn: jídì; Jp: jittai; Vi: tập khổ đế; ; Mn: зовлонгийн шалтгаан, zovlongiin shaltgaan)
    3. Truth of the cessation (nirodha) of dukkha (Sanskrit: duḥkhanirodhāryasatya; Bur: နိရောဓ niyawdha; Thai: นิโรธ; 滅諦 Cn: mièdì; Jp: mettai; Vi: diệt khổ đế; Mn: гэтлэх, getlekh)
    4. The path (marga) that leads out of dukkha (Sanskrit: duḥkhanirodhagāminī pratipad; Bur: မဂ် meg; Thai: มรรค; 道諦 Cn: dàodì; Jp: dōtai; Vi: đạo đế; Mn: мөр, mör)
    • Pāli: cattāri ariya-saccāni
    • Sanskrit: चत्वारि आर्यसत्यानि catvāry āryasatyāni
    • Bur: သစ္စာလေးပါး thissa lei ba (IPA: [θɪʔsà lé bá])
    • Khmr: អរិយសច្ចៈទាំង៤
    • 四諦, 四聖諦, 苦集滅道
      • Cn: Sìdì
      • Jp: shitai, shishōtai, kujūmetsudō
      • Vi: Tứ diệu đế
    • Mn: Хутагтын дөрвөн үнэн, khutagtiin dörvön unen
    fukudo In Zen, term for person who strikes the han
    • Japanese: 副堂 fukudō
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    gassho A position used for greeting, with the palms together and fingers pointing upwards in prayer position; used in various Buddhist traditions, but also used in numerous cultures throughout Asia. It expresses greeting, request, thankfulness, reverence and prayer. Also considered a mudra or inkei of Japanese Shingon. See also: Añjali Mudrā, Namaste, Sampeah and Wai. Shaolin monks use half a gassho using only one arm to greet.
    • Sanskrit: anjali
    • 合掌
      • Cn: hézhǎng (more common to say 合十 héshí)
      • Vi: hiệp chưởng
    Gautama Buddha
    • Pāli: Gotama
    • Sanskrit: Gautama
    • Bur: ဂေါတမ (IPA: [ɡɔ́dəma̰])
    • 瞿曇 悉達多
      • Jp: Kudon Shiddatta
    geshe A Tibetan Buddhist academic degree in the Gelug tradition, awarded at the conclusion of lengthy studies often lasting nine years or more
    • Tibetan: དགེ་ཤེས་
    • Mn: гэвш gevsh
    • 格西
    gongan, lit. "public case", A meditative method developed in the Chán/Seon/Zen traditions, generally consisting of a problem that defies solution by means of rational thought; see koan
    • Chinese 公案 gōng-àn
    • 公案
      • Jp: kōan
      • Ko: gong'an
      • Vi: công án
    Guan Yin The bodhisattva of compassion in East Asian Buddhism, with full name being Guan Shi Yin. Guan Yin is considered to be the female form of Avalokiteshvara but has been given many more distinctive characteristics.
    • Chinese 觀音 Guān Yīn or 觀世音 Guān Shì Yīn
    • 觀音 or 觀世音
      • Jp: Kannon or Kanzeon
      • Ko: Gwaneum or Gwanse-eum
      • Vi: Quan Âm or Quan Thế Âm
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    han In Zen monasteries, wooden board that is struck announcing sunrise, sunset and the end of the day
    • Japanese: 板
    Hinayana, lit. "small vehicle", A coinage by the Mahayana for the Buddhist doctrines concerned with the achievement of Nirvana as a Śrāvakabuddha or a Pratyekabuddha, as opposed to a Samyaksambuddha. While sometime thought as derogatory, it means in fact that the Hinayana doctrine is made to save but 1 individual, the one who follows its teachings, just like a 1 place vehicle, while the Mahayana allow the monk to take other people along with him, like a bus or a great plane.
    • Sanskrit: hīnayāna
    • Bur: ဟီနယာန hinayana (IPA: [hḭna̰jàna̰])
    • 小乘 or 小乗, 二乘
      • Cn: Xiǎoshèng
      • Jp: Shōjō
      • Vi: Tiểu thừa
    • Mn: Бага хөлгөн, Baga hölgön
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    Ino, Jp. lit. "bringer of joy to the assembly." Originally from Sanskrit karmadana, lit. bestower of conduct [karma]. In Zen, the supervisor of the meditation hall [sodo]. One of the six senior temple administrators.
    • Japanese: 維那
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    jhana Meditative contemplation; more often associated with śamatha practices than vipaśyana. See also: shamata, samadhi, samapatti
    • from √dhyā: to think of, to contemplate, meditate on
    • Pāli: jhāna
    • Sanskrit: dhyāna
    • Bur: ဈာန် zan (IPA: [zàɴ])
    • Mon: ဇျာန် ([chàn])
    • Thai: ฌาน chaan
    • Sinhala: ජාන jhāna
    • 禪 or 禪那, 禅 or 禅那
      • Cn: Chán or Chánnà
      • Jp: Zen or Zenna
      • Ko: Seon
      • Vi: Thiền or Thiền-na
    • Mn: дияан, diyan
    jisha In Zen, a senior priest's attendant
    • Japanese: 侍者 jisha
    jukai Zen public ordination ceremony wherein a lay student receives certain Buddhist precepts.
    • Chinese: 受戒, shou jie
    • Korean: 수계, sugye
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    Kakusandha Buddha
    • Pāli: Kakusandha
    • Sanskrit: Krakkucchanda
    • Bur: ကကုသန် Kakuthan (IPA: [ka̰kṵθàɴ])
    • 拘留孙佛
      • Zh: Jūliúsūn Fó
      • Vi: Câu-lưu-tôn Phật
    karma, lit. "action", The law of cause and effect in Buddhism
    • from √kri: to do
    • Sanskrit: karma
    • Pāli: kamma
    • Bur: ကံ kan (IPA: [kàɴ]) or ကြမ္မာ kyamma (IPA: [tɕəmà])
    • Mon: ကံ ([kɔm])
    • Shan: ၵျၢမ်ႇမႃႇ ([kjaːm˨ maː˨]) or ၵၢမ်ႇ ([kaːm˨])
    • Thai: กรรม gum
    • Tib: ལས, las
    • Mn: үйлийн үр, uiliin ür
    • 業¹, 因果²
      • Cn: ¹yè, comm.: ²yīnguǒ
      • Jp: gō, inga
      • Ko: 업 eob
      • Vi: nghiệp
    Kassapa Buddha
    • Pāli: Kassapa
    Sanskrit: Kasyapa
    • Bur: ကဿပ Kathapa (IPA: [kaʔθəpa̰])
    • 迦葉佛
      • Cn: Jiāyè Fó
      • Jp: Kashōbutsu
      • Vi: Ca-diếp Phật
    kensho In Zen, enlightenment; has the same meaning as satōri, but is customary used for an initial awakening experience
    • Japanese: 見性 kenshō
    • 見性
      • Cn: jiànxìng
      • Vi: kiến tính, kiến tánh
    khyenpo, also khenpo, An academic degree similar to a doctorate in theology, philosophy, and psychology
    • Tibetan
    khanti patience
    • Bur: ခန္တီ khanti (IPA: [kʰàɴ dì])
    • Shan: ၶၼ်ႇထီႇ ([kʰan˨ tʰi˨])
    • Thai: ขันติ kanti
    • 耐心
      • Cn: Nàixīn
      • Vi: nhẫn (trong lục ba-la-mật)
    kinhin Zen walking meditation
    • Japanese: 経行 kinhin or kyōgyō
    • 經行
      • Cn: jīngxíng
      • Vi: kinh hành
    koan A story, question, problem or statement generally inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to Intuition
    • Japanese: 公案 kōan
    • 公案
      • Cn: gōng-àn
      • Ko: gong'an
      • Vi: công án
    ksanti The practice of exercising patience toward behaviour or situations that might not necessarily deserve it—it is seen as a conscious choice to actively give patience as a gift, rather than being in a state of oppression in which one feels obligated to act in such a way.
    • Sanskrit
    • 忍辱
      • Jp: ninniku
    Koṇāgamana Buddha
    • Pāli and Sanskrit: Koṇāgamana
    • Bur: ကောဏာဂုံ Kawnagon (IPA: [kɔ́nəɡòʊɴ])
    • 拘那含佛
      • Zh: Jūnàhán Fó
      • Vi: Câu-na-hàm-mâu-ni Phật'
    Kumbhāṇḍa
    • Sanskrit: Kumbhāṇḍa
    • Pāli: Kumbhaṇḍa
    • Thai: กุมภัณฑ์ gum-pan
    • Tib: གྲུལ་བུམ་ (grul bum)
    • 鳩槃荼 or 鳩盤拏
      • Ko: 구반다 gubanda
      • Zh: Jiū pán tú
      • Jp: kubanda
      • Vi: Cưu bàn trà
    kyosaku In Zen, a flattened stick used to strike the shoulders during zazen, to help overcome fatigue or reach satori
    • Japanese: 警策 kyōsaku, called keisaku in Rinzai
    • 香板
      • Cn: xiangban
      • kr: jukbi(죽비)
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    lama A Tibetan teacher or master; equivalent to Sanskrit "guru"
    • Tibetan: བླ་མ་ bla ma
    • Sanskrit: guru
    • 喇嘛
      • Cn: lǎma
      • Jp: rama
      • Vi: lạt-ma
    • Mn: лам, lam
    lineage The official record of the historical descent of dharma teachings from one teacher to another; by extension, may refer to a tradition
    • 傳承
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophical school, founded by Nagarjuna. Members of this school are called Madhyamikas
    • Sanskrit: mādhyamika
    • Tib: དབུ་མ་པ་ dbu ma pa
    • Mn: төв үзэл, töv üzel
    • 中觀宗, 中観派
      • Cn: Zhōngguānzōng
      • Jp: Chūganha
      • Vi: Trung quán tông
    mahabhuta four great elements in traditional Buddhist thought
    • Pāli and Sanskrit: Mahābhūta
    mahamudra A method of direct introduction the understanding of sunyata, of samsara and that the two are inseparable
    • Sanskrit: mahāmudrā
    • Bur: မဟာမုဒြာ maha modra (IPA: [məhà moʊʔdɹà])
    • Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ཆེན་པོ་ chag-je chen-po
    • Mn: махамудра, mahamudra
    • 大手印
      • Cn: dàshŏuyìn
      • Jp: daishuin
      • Vi: đại thủ ấn
    mahasiddha litt. great spiritual accomplishment. A yogi in Tantric Buddhism, often associated with the highest levels of enlightenment
    • Sanskrit: mahāsiddha
    • Bur: မဟာသိဒ္ဒ maha theidda (IPA: [məhà θeɪʔda̰])
    • Thai: มหายาน
    • 大成就
      • Cn: dàchéngjiù
      • Jp: daijōju
      • Vi: đại thành tựu
    Mahayana, lit. "great vehicle", A major branch of Buddhism practiced in China, Tibet, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Main goal is to achieve buddhahood or samyaksambuddha
    • Sanskrit: mahāyāna
    • Bur: မဟာယာန mahayana (IPA: [məhàjàna̰])
    • 大乘 or 大乗
      • Cn: Dàshèng
      • Jp: Daijō
      • Vi: Đại thừa
    • Mn: Ikh khölgön
    Maitreya The Buddha of the future epoch
    • Pāli: Metteyya
    • Sanskrit: Maitreya
    • Bur: အရိမေတ္တေယျ arimetteya (IPA: [əɹḭmèdja̰])
    • Shan: ဢရီႉမိတ်ႈတေႇယႃႉ ([ʔa˩ ri˥ mit˧ ta˨ jɔ˥])
    • Tib: བྱམས་པ, byams pa
    • Mn: Майдар, maidar
    • 彌勒 or 彌勒佛, 弥勒 or 弥勒仏
      • Cn: Mílè or Mílè Fó
      • Jp: Miroku or Miroku-butsu
      • Vi: Di-lặc or Phật Di-lặc
    makyo In Zen, unpleasant or distracting thoughts or illusions that occur during zazen
    • Japanese: 魔境 makyō
    • Vi: ma chướng
    Māna conceit, arrogance, misconception
    • Pāli and Sanskrit: Māna
    • Bur: မာန mana (IPA: [màna̰])
    • Mon: မာန် man ([màn])
    • Shan: မႃႇၼႃႉ ([maː˨ naː˥])
    • 慢
      • Jp: man
    mandala a spiritual and ritual symbol representing the Universe
    • Sanskrit: मण्डल Maṇḍala (lit. "circle")
    • 曼荼羅
      • Cn: màntúluó
      • Jp: mandara
      • Vi: mạn-đà-la
    mantra Chant used primarily to aid concentration, to reach enlightenment. The best-known Buddhist mantra is possibly Om mani padme hum
    • Sanskrit: mantra
    • Thai: มนตร์ moan
    • Mn: маань, тарни; maani, tarni
    • 咒, 真言
      • Cn: zou
      • Jp: shingon, ju
      • Vi: chân âm, thần chú
    Mappo The "degenerate" Latter Day of the Law. A time period supposed to begin 2,000 years after Sakyamuni Buddha's passing and last for "10,000 years"; follows the two 1,000-year periods of Former Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō) and of Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō). During this degenerate age, chaos will prevail and the people will be unable to attain enlightenment through the word of Sakyamuni Buddha. See the Three periods
    • Japanese: 末法 mappō
    • 末法
      • Cn: mòfǎ
      • Vi: mạt pháp
    merit
    • Pāli: puñña
    • Sanskrit: puṇya
    • Bur: ကုသိုလ် kutho (IPA: [kṵðò])
    • Mon: ကုသဵု ([kaoʔsɒ]) or ပိုန် ([pɒn])
    • Shan: ပုင်ႇၺႃႇ ([puŋ˨ ɲaː˨]) or ၵူႉသူဝ်ႇ ([ku˥ sʰo˨]) or ၵူႉသလႃႉ ([ku˥ sʰa˩ laː˥])
    • 功徳
      • Jp: kudoku
    metta loving kindness
    • Pāli:
    • Sanskrit:
    • Bur: မေတ္တာ myitta (IPA: [mjɪʔtà])
    • Mon: မေတ္တာ ([mètta])
    • Shan: မိတ်ႈတႃႇ ([mit˧ taː˨]) or မႅတ်ႈတႃႇ ([mɛt˧ taː˨])
    • Thai: เมตตา metta
    • 慈
      • Ch: Cí
      • Jp: ji
      • Vi: từ
    Middle Way The practice of avoidance of extreme views and lifestyle choices
    • Pāli: majjhimāpaṭipadā
    • Sanskrit: madhyamāpratipad
    • Bur: မဇ္ဇိမပဋိပဒါ myizima badi bada (IPA: [mjɪʔzḭma̰ bədḭ bədà])
    • 中道
      • Ch: zhōngdào
      • Jp: chūdō
      • Vi: trung đạo
    • Mn: дундаж зам мөр, dundaj zam mör
    (right) mindfulness The practice whereby a person is intentionally aware of his or her thoughts and actions in the present moment, non-judgmentally. The 7th step of the Noble Eightfold Path
    • Pāli: (sammā)-sati
    • Sanskrit: (samyag)-smṛti
    • Bur: သတိ thadi (IPA: [ðadḭ])
    • Thai: สัมมาสติ samma-sati
    • 正念
      • Cn: zhèngniàn
      • Jp: shōnen
      • Vi: chính niệm, chánh niệm
    moksha Liberation
    • Sanskrit: mokṣa
    • Pāli: vimutti
    • Bur: ဝိမုတ္တိ wimouti (IPA: [wḭmoʊʔtḭ])
    • 解脱
      • Cn: jiětuō
      • Jp: gedatsu
      • Vi: giải thoát
    mokugyo A wooden drum carved from one piece, usually in the form of a fish
    • Japanese: 木魚 mokugyo
    • 木魚
      • Cn: mùyú
      • Vi: mõ
    mondo In Zen, a short dialogue between teacher and student
    • Japanese: 問答　mondō
    • 問答
      • Cn: wèndǎ
      • Vi:
    mudra lit. "seal", A gesture made with hands and fingers in meditation
    • Sanskrit: mudrā
    • Bur: မုဒြာ modra (IPA: [moʊʔdɹà])
    • Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ phyag rgya
    • Mn: чагжаа, chagjaa
    • 手印
      • Cn: sohyìn (commonly only yìn)
      • Jp: shuin
      • Vi: ấn
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    namo An exclamation showing reverence; devotion. Often placed in front of the name of an object of veneration, e.g., a Buddha's name or a sutra (Nam(u) Myōhō Renge Kyō), to express devotion to it. Defined in Sino-Japanese as 帰命 kimyō: to base one's life upon, to devote (or submit) one's life to Derivatives:
    • Namo Amitabha
    • Pāli: namo
    • Sanskrit: namaḥ or namas
    Derivatives:
    • Sanskrit: namo-'mitābhāya
    • Bur: နမော namaw (IPA: [nəmɔ́])
    • Tib: ཕྱག་འཚལ་(ལོ), chag tsal (lo)
    • Mn: мөргөмү, mörgömü
    • 南無
      • Cn: nánmó
      • Jp: namu or nam
      • Ko: namu
      • Vi: nam-mô
    Derivatives:
    • 南無阿弥陀佛
      • Cn: Nánmó Ēmítuó fó
      • Jp: Namu Amida butsu
      • Ko: Namu Amita Bul
      • Vi: Nam-mô A-di-đà Phật
    • 南無觀世音菩薩
      • Cn: Nánmó Guán Syr Yín Pū Sá
      • Jp: Namu Kanzeon Butsu
      • Ko: Namu Gwan Se Eum Bo Sal
      • Vi: Nam-mô Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát
    nekkhamma renunciation
    • Pāli:
    • Sanskrit:
    • Bur: နိက္ခမ neikhama (IPA: [neɪʔkʰəma̰])
    • Thai: เนกขัมมะ nekkamma
    • Mn: магад гарахуй, magad garahui
    • 出世
      • Cn: Chūshì
      • Jp: shusse
      • Vi: xuất thế
    Nirvana/Nibbana Extinction or extinguishing; ultimate enlightenment in the Buddhist tradition
    • from niḥ-√vā: to extinguish
    • Pāli: nibbāna
    • Sanskrit: nirvana
    • Bur: နိဗ္ဗာန် neibban (IPA: [neɪʔbàɴ])
    • Thai: นิพพาน nípphaan
    • Tib: མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ, mya-ngan-las-'das-pa
    • Mn: нирван, nirvan
    • 涅槃
      • Cn: Nièpán
      • Jp: Nehan
      • Ko: Yeolban
      • Vi: Niết-bàn
    Nikaya, lit. "volume", The Buddhist texts in Pāli
    • Pāli: nikāya
    • Sanskrit: Āgama
    • Bur: နိကာယ nikaya (IPA: [nḭkəja̰])
    • 部經
      • Cn: Bùjīng
      • Jp: bukyō
      • Vi: Bộ kinh
    Noble Eightfold Path
    1. Right View (Pāli: sammā-diṭṭhi; Sanskrit: samyag-dṛṣṭi; 正見 Cn: zhèngjiàn; Vi: chính kiến)
    2. Right Thought (Pāli: sammā-saṅkappa; Sanskrit: samyak-saṃkalpa; 正思唯 Cn: zhèngsīwéi; Vi: chính tư duy)
      These 2 constitute the path of Wisdom (Pāli: paññā; Sanskrit: prajñā)
    3. Right Speech (Pāli: sammā-vācā; Sanskrit: samyag-vāk; 正語 Cn: zhèngyǔ; Vi: chính ngữ)
    4. Right Action (Pāli: sammā-kammanta; Sanskrit: samyak-karmānta; 正業 Cn: zhèngyè; Vi: chính nghiệp)
    5. Right Living (Pāli: sammā-ājīva; Sanskrit: samyag-ājīva; 正命 Cn: zhèngmìng; Vi: chính mệnh)
      These 3 constitute the path of Virtue (Pāli: sīla; Sanskrit: śīla)
    6. Right Effort (Pāli: sammā-vāyāma; Sanskrit: samyag-vyāyāma; 正精進 Cn: zhèngjīngjìn; Vi: chính tinh tiến)
    7. Right Mindfulness (Pāli: sammā-sati; Sanskrit: samyag-smṛti; 正念 Cn: zhèngniàn; Vi: chính niệm)
    8. Right Concentration (Pāli: sammā-samādhi; Sanskrit: samyak-samādhi; 正定 Cn: zhèngdìng; Vi: chính định)
      The last 3 constitute the path of Concentration (Pāli, Sanskrit: samādhi)
    • Pāli: aṭṭhāṅgika-magga
    • Sanskrit: aṣṭāṅgika-mārga
    • Bur: မဂ္ဂင် meggin (IPA: [mɛʔɡɪ̀ɴ])
    • Thai: อริยมรรค ariya-mak
    • 八正道
      • Cn: Bāzhèngdào
      • Jp: Hasshōdō
      • Ko: Paljeongdo
      • Vi: Bát chính đạo
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    oryoki A set of bowls used in a Zen eating ceremony
    • Japanese: 応量器 ōryōki
    osho A term used to address a monk of the Zen Buddhist tradition. Originally reserved for high-ranking monks, it has since been appropriated for everyday use when addressing any male member of the Zen clergy
    • Japanese: 和尚 oshō
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    pabbajja, (a layperson) leaving home to join a community of monks and nuns (lit. "to go forth")
    • Sanskrit: pravrajya
    • Pali: Pabbajja
    • 出家
      • Cn: chūjiā
      • Jp: shukke
      • Vi: xuất gia
    panca skandha The five constituent elements into which an individual is analyzed. They are:
    1. "form": Pāli, Sanskrit: rūpa; Bu: ရူပ yupa; 色 Cn: sè; Jp: shiki
    2. "sensation": Pāli, Sanskrit: vedanā; Bu: ဝေဒန wedana; 受 Cn: shòu; Jp: ju
    3. "cognition": Pāli: saññā; Sanskrit: saṃjñā; Bu: သညာ thinnya; 想 Cn: xiàng; Jp: sō
    4. "mental formations": Pāli: saṅkhāra; Sanskrit: saṃskāra; Bu: သင်္ခါရ thinkhaya; 行 Cn: xíng; Jp: gyō
    5. "consciousness": Pāli: viññāṇa; Sanskrit: vijñāna; Bu: ဝိညာဉ် winyin; 識 Cn: shí; Jp: shiki
    • Sanskrit: pañca skandha
    • Pāli: pañca khandha
    • Bur: ခန္ဒာငါးပါး khanda nga ba (IPA: [kʰàɴdà ŋá bá])
    • Shan: ႁႃႈ ၶၼ်ႇထႃႇ ([haː˧ kʰan˨ tʰaː˨])
    • 五蘊, 五陰, 五薀
      • Cn: wǔyùn
      • Jp: go-on, sometimes go-un
      • Vi: ngũ uẩn
    Panchen Lama The second highest ranking lama in the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism. after the Dalai Lama
    • Tibetan: པན་ཆེན་བླ་མ་ pan-chen bla-ma
    • Sanskrit: paṇḍitaguru
    • Mn: Банчин Богд, Banchin Bogd
    • 班禪喇嘛
      • Cn: Bānchán Lǎma
      • Jp: ??
      • Vi: Ban-thiền Lạt-ma
    paññā, see prajna
    • Sanskrit:
    • Bur: ပညာ pyinnya (IPA: [pjɪ̀ɴɲà])
    • Mon: ပညာ ([pɔnɲa])
    • Shan: ပိင်ႇၺႃႇ ([piŋ˨ ɲaː˨])
    • Tibetan: ཤེས་རབ་ shes rab
    • Mn: билиг, bilig
    • 智慧 or 知恵 or 般若
      • Cn: Zhìhuì, zhīhuì, bōrě
      • Jp: chie,hannya
      • Vi: bát-nhã
    paramartha Absolute, as opposed to merely conventional, truth or reality; see also samvrti
    • Sanskrit: paramārtha
    • Bur: ပရမတ် paramat (IPA: [pəɹəmaʔ])
    • Thai: ปรมัตถ์ paramutt
    • 真諦
      • Jp: shintai
    paramita, lit. "reaching the other shore," usually rendered in English as "perfection." The Mahayana practices for obtaining enlightenment; giving, ethics, patience, effort, concentration and wisdom
    • Pāli: pāramī
    • Sanskrit: pāramitā
    • Bur: ပါရမီ parami (IPA: [pàɹəmì])
    • Mon: ပါရမဳ ([parəmɔe])
    • Thai: บารมี baramee
    • Mn: барамид, baramid
    • 波羅蜜 or 波羅蜜多
      • Cn: bōluómì or bōluómìduō
      • Jp: haramitsu or haramita
      • Vi: ba-la-mật or ba-la-mật-đa
    parinibbana/parinirvana The final nibbana/nirvana
    • from nibbana/nirvana above
    • Pāli: parinibbāna
    • Sanskrit: parinirvāṇa
    • Bur: ပရိနိဗ္ဗာန် pareineibban (IPA: [pəɹeɪʔneɪʔbàɴ])
    • Thai: ปรินิพพาน pari-nippaan
    • 般涅槃
      • Cn: bōnièpán
      • Jp: hatsunehan
      • Vi: bát-niết-bàn
    Perfection of Wisdom
    • Bur: ပညာပါရမီ pyinnya parami (IPA: [pjɪ̀ɴɲà pàɹəmì])
    • Mon: ပညာပါရမဳ ([pɔnɲa parəmɔe])
    • Mn: билиг барамид, bilig baramid
    • 般若波羅蜜 or 般若波羅蜜多
      • Cn: bōrě-bōluómì or bōrě-bōluómìduō
      • Jp: hannya-haramitsu or hannya-haramita
      • Vi: bát-nhã-ba-la-mật or bát-nhã-ba-la-mật-đa
    Pointing-out instruction The direct introduction to the nature of mind in the lineages of Essence Mahamudra and Dzogchen. A root guru is the master who gives the 'pointing-out instruction' so that the disciple recognizes the nature of mind
    • Tibetan: ངོ་སྤྲོད་ ngo-sprod
    prajna/paññā "wisdom", "insight"
    • Pāli: paññā
    • Sanskrit: prajñā
    • Bur: ပညာ pyinnya (IPA: [pjɪ̀ɴɲà])
    • Thai: ปัญญา pun-ya
    • Tibetan: ཤེས་རབ་ shes rab
    • Mn: хөтлөх, khötlökh
    • 般若
      • Cn: bōrě or bānruò
      • Jp: hannya
      • Vi: bát-nhã
    pratitya-samutpada "Dependent origination," the view that no phenomenon exists (or comes about) without depending on other phenomena or conditions contingent with it. In English also called "conditioned genesis," "dependent co-arising," "interdependent arising," etc. A famous application of dependent origination is the Twelve Nidana, or 12 inter-dependences (Sanskrit: dvādaśāṅgapratītyasamutpāda; 十二因緣, 十二因縁 Cn: shíàr yīnyuán; Jp: jūni innen; Vi: thập nhị nhân duyên), which are:
    1. Ignorance (Pāli: avijjā; Sanskrit: avidyā; 無明 Cn: wúmíng; Jp: mumyō; Vi: vô minh; Mn: мунхрахуй, munhrahui)
    2. Ignorance creates Mental Formation (Pāli: saṅkhāra; Sanskrit: saṃskāra; 行 Cn: xíng; Jp: gyō; Vi: hành; Mn: хуран үйлдэхүй, khuran uildehui)
    3. Mental Formation creates Consciousness (Pāli: viññāṇa; Sanskrit: vijñāna; 識 Cn: shí; Jp: shiki; Vi: thức; Mn: тийн мэдэхүй, tiin medehui)
    4. Consciousness creates Name & Form (Pāli, Sanskrit: nāmarūpa; 名色 Cn: míngsè; Jp: myōshiki; Vi: danh sắc; Mn: нэр өнгө, ner öngö)
    5. Name & Form create Sense Gates (Pāli: saḷāyatana; Sanskrit: ṣaḍāyatana; 六入 or 六処 Cn: liùrù; Jp: rokunyū or rokusho; Vi: lục căn; Mn: төрөн түгэхүй, törön tugehui)
    6. Sense Gates create Contact (Pāli: phassa; Sanskrit: sparśa; 觸, 触 Cn: chù; Jp: soku; Vi: xúc; Mn: хүрэлцэхүй, khureltsehui)
    7. Contact creates Feeling (Pāli, Sanskrit: vedanā; 受 Cn: shòu; Jp: ju; Vi: thụ; Mn: сэрэхүй, serehui)
    8. Feeling creates Craving (Pāli: taṇhā; Sanskrit: tṛṣṇā; 愛 Cn: ài; Jp: ai; Vi: ái; Mn: хурьцахуй, khuritsahui)
    9. Craving creates Clinging (Pāli, Sanskrit: upādāna; 取 Cn: qǔ; Jp: shu; Vi: thủ; Mn: авахуй, avahui)
    10. Clinging creates Becoming (Pāli, Sanskrit: bhava; 有 Cn: yǒu; Jp: u; Vi: hữu; Mn: сансар, sansar)
    11. Becoming creates Birth (Pāli, Sanskrit: jāti; 生 Cn: shēng; Jp: shō; Vi: sinh; Mn: төрөхүй, töröhui )
    12. Birth leads to Aging & Death (Pāli, Sanskrit: jarāmaraṇa; 老死 Cn: láosǐ; Jp: rōshi; Vi: lão tử; Mn: өтлөх үхэхүй, ötlöh uhehui)
    • Pāli: paṭicca-samuppāda
    • Sanskrit: pratitya-samutpāda
    • Bur: ပဋိစ္စသမုပ္ပါဒ် padeissa thamopad (IPA: [pədeɪʔsa̰ θəmoʊʔpaʔ])
    • Tib: རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་འབྱུང་བ་ rten cing `brel bar `byung ba
    • Mn: шүтэн барилдлага, shuten barildlaga
    • 緣起 (thought to be an abbreviation for 因緣生起), 縁起
      • Cn: yuánqǐ
      • Jp: engi
      • Vi: duyên khởi
    • Also called 因緣, 因縁
      • Cn: yīnyuán
      • Jp: innen
      • Vi: nhân duyên
    Pratyekabuddha/Paccekabuddha, lit. "a buddha by his own", A buddha who reaches enlightenment on his own
    • Pāli: paccekabuddha
    • Sanskrit: pratyekabuddha
    • Bur: ပစ္စေကဗုဒ္ဓါ pyiseka boddha (IPA: [pjɪʔsèka̰ boʊʔdà])
    • 辟支佛
      • Cn: Bìzhī Fó
      • Jp: Hyakushibutsu
      • Vi: Bích-chi Phật
    Pure Land Buddhism A large branch of Mahayana, dominantly in East Asia. The goal of Pure Land Buddhism is to be reborn in the Western sukhavati of Amitabha, either as a real place or within the mind, through the other-power of repeating the Buddha's name, nianfo or nembutsu.
    • 净土宗(Ch), 浄土教(Jp)
      • Cn: Jìngtǔ-zōng
      • Jp: Jōdo-kyo
      • Ko: Jeongtojong
      • Vi: Tịnh độ tông
    Puruṣa Man (ep. representative of the male gender); human being
    • Pāli: purisa
    • Sanskrit: puruṣa
    • Tib: skyes pa
    • 人
      • Ch: rén
      • Jp: hito
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    rebirth The process of continuity of life after death
    • Pāli: punabbhava
    • Sanskrit: punarbhava
    • 輪廻
      • Cn: lunhui
      • Jp: rinne
      • Vi: luân hồi
    Ratnasambhava
    • Sanskrit: Ratnasambhava
    • Tib: རིན་ཆེན་འབྱུང་གནས Rinchen Jung ne
    • Mn: ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ;
      Эрдэнэ гарахын орон, Төгс Эрдэнэ;
      Erdeni garkhu yin oron, Tegüs Erdeni
    • 寶生佛, 宝生如来
      • Jp: Hōshō Nyorai
      • Vi: Bảo-sanh Như Lai
    refuge Usually in the form of "take refuge in the Three Jewels"
    • Pāli: saraṇa
    • Sanskrit: śaraṇa
    • Bur: သရဏဂုံ tharanagon (IPA: [θəɹənəɡòʊɴ])
    • Mn: аврал, avral
    • Tib: skyabs
    • Thai: สรณะ sorana
    • 歸依
      • Cn: guīyī
      • Jp: kie
      • Vi: quy y
    Rigpa, the knowledge that ensues from recognizing one's nature
    • Tibetan: རིག་པ (rig pa)
    • Sanskrit: विद्या (vidyā)
    Rinpoche, lit. "precious one", An honorific title for a respected Tibetan lama, such as a tulku
    • Tibetan: རིན་པོ་ཆེ་, rin-po-che
    • Mn: римбүчий, rimbuchii
    • 仁波切
      • Cn: rénbōqiè
      • Jp: リンポチェ rinpoche
      • Vi: ??
    Rinzai Zen sect emphasizing koan study; named for master Linji Yixuan
    • Japanese: 臨済宗 Rinzai-shū
    • 臨濟宗
      • Cn: Línjì-zōng
      • Vi: Lâm Tế tông
    Rohatsu A day traditionally honored as the day of the Buddha's enlightenment. While deep in meditation under a bodhi tree, he attained enlightenment upon seeing the morning star just at dawn; celebrated on the 8th day either of December or of the 12th month of the lunar calendar
    • Japanese: 臘八 Rōhatsu or Rohachi
    roshi, lit. "Master", An honorific given to Zen teachers in the Rinzai and Obaku sects.
    • Japanese 老師 Rōshi
    • 禅師
      • Cn: '’chan shī (lit., old master)
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    sacca truthfulness
    • Sanskrit: Satya
    samanera/shramanera A male novice monk, who, after a year or until the ripe age of 20, will be considered for the higher Bhikkhu ordination
    • Sanskrit: śrāmaṇera
    • Bur: (ရှင်)သာမဏေ (shin) thamane (IPA: [(ʃɪ̀ɴ) θàmənè])
    • Mon: သာမ္မဏဳ ([samənɔe])
    • Shan: သႃႇမၼေႇ ([sʰaː˨ mne˨])
    • Thai: สามเณร sama-naen
    • 沙彌
      • Cn: shāmí
      • Jp: shami
      • Vi: sa-di, chú tiểu
    samatha Mental stabilization; tranquility meditation. Distinguished from vipassanā meditation
    • Pāli: samatha
    • Sanskrit: śamatha
    • Bur: သမထ thamahta (IPA: [θəmətʰa̰])
    • Thai: สมถะ samatha
    • 舍摩他
      • Cn: shěmótā
      • Jp: ??
      • Vi: ??
    samsara The cycle of birth and rebirth; the world as commonly experienced
    • Pāli, Sanskrit: saṃsāra
    • Bur: သံသရာ thanthaya (IPA: [θàɴðəjà])
    • Thai: สังสารวัฏ sung-sara-wat
    • Tib: འཁོར་བ khor ba
    • Bur: သံသရာ
    • Mn: орчлон, orchlon
    • 輪迴, 輪廻
      • Cn: lúnhúi
      • Jp: rinne
      • Vi: luân hồi
    samu Work, conceived as a part of Zen training.[2]
    • Japanese: 作務 samu
    • 作務
      • Cn: zuòwù
      • Vi: ??
    samvrti Conventional, as opposed to absolute, truth or reality; see also paramartha
    • Sanskrit: saṃvriti
    • Bur: သမ္မုတိ thamudi (IPA: [θəmṵdḭ])
    • Thai: สมมุติ sommoot
    • 俗諦
      • Jp: zokutai
    sangha The community of Buddhist monks and nuns. Teachers and practitioners.
    • Sanskrit: saṅgha
    • Bur: သံဃာ thangha (IPA: [θàɴɡà])
    • Mon: သဳလ ([sɛŋ])
    • Shan: သၢင်ႇၶႃႇ ([sʰaːŋ˨ kʰaː˨])
    • Thai: สงฆ์ song
    • Tib: ཚོགས་ཀ་མཆོག tsog gyu chog
    • Mn: хуврагийн чуулган, khuvragiin chuulgan
    • 僧團
      • Cn: sēng tuan
      • Jp: sō, sōryō
      • Vi: tăng già
    Sanlun Buddhist philosophical school based on the Madhyamaka school
    • Chinese: 三論 sānlùn
    • 三論宗
      • Cn: Sānlùnzōng
      • Jp: Sanron-shū
      • Vi: Tam luận tông
    sanzen A formal interview with a teacher in many traditions of Zen. Similar to dokusan
    • Japanese
    satori Awakening; understanding. A Japanese term for enlightenment
    • Japanese: 悟り satori
    • 悟
      • Cn: wú
      • Vi: ngộ
    sayadaw Burmese meditation master
    seichu In the Zen Buddhist calendar, a period of intensive, formal monastic training. It is typically characterized by week-long Daisesshins and periodic sanzen
    • Japanese: 制中 seichu
    sesshin A Zen retreat where practitioners meditate, eat and work together for several days
    • Japanese: 接心, 摂心
    • 佛七
      • Cn: '’fóqī
    • 坐臘/坐腊
      • Cn: zuòlà
    shikantaza Soto Zen. "Only concentrated on sitting" is the main practice of the Soto school of Japanese Zen Buddhism
    • Japanese: 只管打座
    • 默照
      • Cn: mòzhào
    shunyata Emptiness; see also Nagarjuna
    • Pāli: suññatā
    • Sanskrit: śūnyatā
    • Bur: သုည ' (IPA: [θòʊɴɲa̰])
    • Shan: သုင်ႇၺႃႉ ([sʰuŋ˨ ɲaː˥])
    • Tib: stong pa nyid
    • Mn: хоосон чанар, khooson chanar
    • 空
      • Cn: kōng
      • Jp: kū
      • Vi: tính Không
    Sikhī Buddha Buddha of Knowledge
    • Pāli: Sikhī Buddha
    • Sanskrit: Śikhīn Buddha
    • Jp: Shiki Butsu
    sila "morals", "morality", "ethics": precepts
    • Pāli: sīla
    • Sanskrit: śīla
    • Bur: သီလ thila (IPA: [θìla̰])
    • Mon: သဳ ([sɔelaʔ])
    • Shan: သီႇလႃႉ ([sʰi˨ laː˥])
    • Thai: ศีล seen
    • 尸羅,戒
      • Cn: jiè
      • Jp: kai
      • Vi: giới
    • Mn: шагшаабад, shagshaabad
    Sōtō Sect of Zen emphasizing shikantaza as the primary mode of practice; see also Dōgen
    • Japanese: 曹洞宗 Sōtō-shū
    • 曹洞宗
      • Cn: Cáodòng-zōng
      • Vi: Tào Động tông
    store consciousness The base consciousness (alayavijnana) taught in Yogacara Buddhism
    • Pāli, Sanskrit: ālayavijñāna
    • 阿頼耶識
      • Cn: āyēshí
      • Jp: arayashiki
      • Vi: a-lại-da thức
    sukha happiness; ease; pleasure; bliss
    • Pāli: sukha
    • Sanskrit: sukha
    • Bur: သုခ
    • Mon: ??
    • Mn: ??
    • 樂
      • Cn: lè
      • Jp: ??
      • Vi: ??
    sutra Scripture; originally referred to short aphoristic sayings and collections thereof
    • from √siv: to sew
    • Sanskrit: sutra
    • Pāli: sutta
    • Bur: သုတ် thoht (IPA: [θoʊʔ])
    • Mon: သုတ် ([sɔt])
    • Mon: သုၵ်ႈ ([sʰuk˧])
    • Thai: สูตร soothe
    • Mn: судар, sudar
    • 經, 経
      • Cn: jīng
      • Jp: kyō
      • Vi: kinh
    Sutra Pitaka The second basket of the Tripiṭaka canon, the collection of all Buddha's teachings
    • Pāli: Sutta-piṭaka
    • Sanskrit: Sūtra-piṭaka
    • Bur: သုတ် thoht (IPA: [θoʊʔ])
    • Mon: သုတ် ([sɔt])
    • Mon: သုၵ်ႈ ([sʰuk˧])
    • Mn: Судрын аймаг Sudriin aimag
    • 經藏, 経蔵
      • Cn: jīngcáng
      • Jp: kyōzō
      • Vi: Kinh tạng
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    tangaryō A period of waiting for admission into a Zen monastery at the gate, lasting anywhere from one day to several weeks—depending on the quality of one's sitting. Refers to the room traveling monks stay in when visiting, or await admittance into the sōdō.
    • Japanese: 旦過寮　
    tanha Craving or desire
    • Pāli: taṇhā
    • Sanskrit: tṛṣṇā
    • Bur: တဏှာ tahna (IPA: [tən̥à])
    • Thai: ตัณหา tunha
    • Mn: хурьцахуй, khuritsahui
    • 愛
      • Cn: ài
      • Jp: ai
      • Kr: 애 ae
      • Vi: ái
    Tanto In Zen, one of the main temple leaders, lit."head of the tan." In a Zen temple, the Tanto is one of two officers (with the Godo) in charge monks' training.[2]
    • Japanese:単頭
    tantra Esoteric religious practices, including yoga, mantra, etc. See also Vajrayana.
    • Sanskrit: tantra
    • Mn: тарнийн ёс, дандар, tarniin yos, dandar
    • 續部,怛特羅
      • Cn: dátèluó
      • Jp: ??
      • Vi: đát-đặc-la
    Tathagata one of the Buddha's ten epithets
    • Sanskrit: tathāgata; The "Thus-Gone One"
    • Bur: တထာဂတ tahtagata (IPA: [ta̰tʰàɡəta̰])
    • Thai: ตถาคต tatha-kohd
    • Mn: түүнчлэн ирсэн, tuunchlen irsen
    • 如来
      • Cn: rúlái
      • Jp: nyorai
      • Vi: như lai
    tathagatagarbha Buddha-nature or the seed of enlightenment
    • Sanskrit: tathāgatagarbha
    • 佛性, 仏性
      • Cn: fóxìng
      • Jp: busshō
    • Also 覚性
      • Cn: juéxìng
      • Jp: kakushō
      • Vi: giác tính
    • Also 如来藏, 如来蔵
      • Cn: rúláizàng
      • Jp: nyuoraizō
      • Vi: như lai tạng
    teisho A presentation by a Zen master during a sesshin. Rather than an explanation or exposition in the traditional sense, it is intended as a demonstration of Zen realisation
    • Japanese: 提唱 teishō
    tenzo In Zen, the head cook for a sesshin. In Zen temples, the officer in charge of the kitchen
    • Japanese: 典座 tenzo
    • 典座
      • Cn: diǎnzuò
      • Vi: điển toạ
    Theravada, lit. "words of the elders", Most popular form of Buddhism in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka.
    • Pāli: theravāda
    • Sanskrit: sthaviravāda
    • Bur: ထေရဝါဒ hterawada (IPA: [tʰèɹa̰wàda̰] or [tʰèja̰wàda̰])
    • Thai: เถรวาท tera-waad
    • 上座部
      • Cn: shàngzuòbù
      • Jp: jōzabu
      • Vi: Thượng toạ bộ
    thera or their, lit. "elder", Honorific applied to senior monks and nuns in the Theravada tradition.
    • Pāli: thera
    Three Jewels Three things that Buddhists take refuge in: the Buddha, his teachings (Dharma) and the community of realized practitioners (Sangha), and in return look toward for guidance (see also Refuge (Buddhism))
    • Pāli: tiratana
    • Sanskrit: triratna
    • Bur: သရဏဂုံသုံးပါး tharanagon thon ba (IPA: [θəɹənəɡòʊɴ θóʊɴ bá]) OR ရတနာသုံးပါး yadana thon ba ([jədənà θóʊɴ bá)])
    • Thai: ไตรรัตน์ trai-rut
    • Tib: དཀོན་མཆོག་གསུམ, dkon mchog gsum
    • Mn: чухаг дээд гурав chuhag deed gurav
    • 三寶
      • Cn: sānbăo
      • Jp: sanbō
      • Vi: tam bảo
    Three periods
    • Three divisions of the time following the historical Buddha's passing: the Former (or Early) Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō), the first thousand years; the Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō), the second thousand years; and the Latter Day of the Law (末法 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō), which is to last for 10,000 years.
    • The three periods are significant to Mahayana adherents, particularly those who hold the Lotus Sutra in high regard; e.g., Tiantai (Tendai) and Nichiren Buddhists, who believe that different Buddhist teachings are valid (i.e., able to lead practitioners to enlightenment) in each period due to the different capacity to accept a teaching (機根 Cn: jīgēn; Jp: kikon) of the people born in each respective period.
    • The three periods are further divided into five five-hundred year periods (五五百歳 Cn: wǔ wǔbǎi suì; Jp: go no gohyaku sai), the fifth and last of which was prophesied to be when the Buddhism of Sakyamuni would lose all power of salvation and a new Buddha would appear to save the people. This time period would be characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other, natural disasters.
    • The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集経 Cn: dàjí jīng; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō). Descriptions of the three periods also appear in other sutras, some of which ascribe different lengths of time to them (although all agree that Mappō will last for 10,000 years).
    • 三時
      • Cn: Sānshí
      • Jp: Sanji
      • Vi: Tam thời
    Three Poisons or Three Fires
    The three primary causes of unskillful action that lead to the creation of "negative" karma; the three root kleshas:
    1. Attachment (Pāli: lobha; Sanskrit: rāga; Tib.: འདོད་ཆགས་ 'dod chags)
    2. Aversion (Pali: doha; Sanskrit: dveṣa; Tib.: ཞེ་སྡང་ zhe sdang; Mn: урин хилэн, urin khilen; 瞋 Cn: chēn; Jp: jin; Vi: sân)
    3. Ignorance (Pāli: moha; Sanskrit: moha; Tib.: གཏི་མུག་ gti mug)
    • Pāli: kilesa (Defilements)
    • Sanskrit: kleśa
    • Sanskit: triviṣa
    • Tib: düsum (Wylie: dug gsum)
    • Bur: မီးသုံးပါး mi thon ba (IPA: [mí θóʊɴ bá])
    • Mn: гурван хор, gurvan khor
    • 三毒
      • Cn: Sāndú
      • Jp: Sandoku
      • Vi: Tam độc
    Tiantai/Tendai A Mahayana school of China that teaches the supremacy of the Lotus Sutra
    • Chinese: 天台 tiāntái
    • 天台宗
      • Cn: tiāntái zōng
      • Jp: tendai-shū
      • Vi: Thiên Thai tông
    trailõkya The 3 "regions" of the world:
    1. Kamaloka or Kamadhatu: world of desires (Sanskrit, Pāli: kāmaloka, kāmadhātu; Tibetan: འདོད་ཁམས་ `dod khams; Mn: амармагийн орон, amarmagiin oron; 欲界 Cn: yùjiè, Jp: yokkai Vi: dục giới)
    2. Rupaloka or Rupadhatu: world of form (Sanskrit: rūpaloka, rūpadhātu; Tibetan: གཟུགས་ཁམས་ gzugs khams; Mn: дүрстийн орон, durstiin oron; 色界 Cn: sèjiè; Jp: shikikai , Vi: sắc giới)
    3. Arupaloka or Arupadhatu: world without form or desire (Sanskrit: arūpaloka, arūpadhātu; Tibetan: གཟུགས་མེད་ཁམས་ gzugs med khams; Mn: дүрсгүйн орон, dursquin oron; 無色界 Cn: wú sèjiè, Jp: mushikikai Vi: vô sắc giới)
    • Sanskrit: triloka
    • Pāli: tisso dhātuyo
    • Tibetan: ཁམས་གསུམ་ khams gsum
    • Mn: гурван орон, gurvan oron
    • 三界
      • Cn: sānjiè
      • Jp: sangai
      • Vi: tam giới
    trikaya The 3 "bodies" of Buddha:
    • Dharma-kaya (Sanskrit: dharmakāya; 法身 Cn: fǎshēn; Jp: hosshin; Vi: pháp thân)
    • Sambhoga-kaya (Sanskrit: saṃbhogakāya; 報身 Cn: bàoshēn; Jp: hōshin; Vi: báo thân)
    • Nirmana-kaya (Sanskrit: nirmāṇakāya; 應身,化身,応身 Cn: yìngshēn; Jp: ōjin; Vi: ứng thân)
    • Sanskrit: trikāya
    • 三身
      • Cn: sānshēn
      • Jp: sanjin
      • Vi: tam thân
    Tripitaka The "Three Baskets"; canon containing the sacred texts for Buddhism (Pāli)
    • Vinaya Pitaka (Pāli, Sanskrit: Vinaya-piṭaka; Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ `dul ba`i sde snod; Mn: винайн аймаг сав vinain aimag sav; 律藏, 律蔵 Cn: lǜzàng; Jp: Ritsuzō; Vi: Luật tạng)
    • Sutra Pitaka (Pāli: Sutta-piṭaka; Sanskrit: Sūtra-piṭaka; Tib: མདོ་སྡེའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ mdo sde`i sde snod; Mn: судрын аймаг сав sudriin aimag sav; 經藏, 経蔵 Cn: jīngzàng; Jp: Kyōzō; Vi: Kinh tạng)
    • Abhidhamma Pitaka (Pāli: Abhidhamma-piṭaka; Sanskrit: Abhidharma-piṭaka; Tib: མངོན་པའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ mngon pa`i sde snod; Mn: авидармын аймаг сав avidarmiin aimag sav; 論藏, 論蔵 Cn: lùnzàng; Jp: Ronzō; Vi: Luận tạng)
    • Pāli: tipiṭaka
    • Sanskrit: tripiṭaka
    • Burmese: တိပိဋက Tipitaka (IPA: [tḭpḭtəka̰])
    • Thai: ไตรปิฎก Traipidok
    • སྡེ་སྣོད་་གསུམ, sde snod gsum
    • Mn: гурван аймаг сав, gurvan aimag sav
    • 三藏, 三蔵
      • Cn: Sānzàng
      • Jp: Sanzō
      • Ko: Samjang
      • Vi: Tam tạng
    Triratna/Tiratana, see Three Jewels above
    • Pāli: tiratana
    • Sanskrit: triratna
    • Tib: དཀོན་མཆོག་གསུམ, dkon mchog gsum
    • Mn: гурван эрдэнэ, gurvan erdene
    trsna, see tanha above
    tulku A re-incarnated Tibetan teacher
    • Tibetan: སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་ tulku
    • Mn: хувилгаан, khuvilgaan
    • 再來人 (轉世再來的藏系師長)
      • Cn: Zài lái rén
      • Jp: keshin
      • Vi: hoá thân
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    upadana Clinging; the 9th link of Pratitya-Samutpada; the Ninth Twelve Nidanas
    • Pāli, Sanskrit: upādāna
    • Bur: ဥပါဒါန် upadan (IPA: [ṵpàdàɴ])
    • Shan: ဢူႉပႃႇတၢၼ်ႇ ([ʔu˥ paː˨ taːn˨])
    • Thai: อุปาทาน u-pa-taan
    • Tib: ལེན་པ, len pa
    • Mn: авахуй, avahui
    • 取(十二因緣第九支)
      • Cn: qǔ
      • Jp: shu
      • Vi: thủ
    Upajjhaya spiritual teacher
    • Pāli: Upajjhaya
    • Sanskrit: upādhyāy
    upasaka A lay follower of Buddhism
    • Sanskrit: upāsaka
    • Bur: ဥပါသကာ upathaka (IPA: [ṵpàθəkà])
    • Mon: ဥပါသကာ ([ʊʔpasəka])
    • Thai: อุบาสก u-ba-sok
    • 近事男, 優婆塞
      • Cn: jìnshìnán
      • Jp: ubasoku
      • Vi: cư sĩ
    upasika A female lay follower
    • from upasaka above
    • Sanskrit: upāsika
    • Bur: ဥပါသိကာ upathika (IPA: [ṵpàθḭkà])
    • Thai: อุบาสิกา u-ba-sika
    • 近事女, 優婆夷
      • Cn: jìnshìnǚ
      • Jp: ubai
      • Vi: (nữ) cư sĩ
    upaya Expedient though not necessarily ultimately true. Originally used as a polemical device against other schools - calling them "merely" expedient, lacking in ultimate truth, later used against one's own school to prevent students form forming attachments to doctrines In Mahayana, exemplified by the Lotus Sutra, upaya are the useful means that Buddhas (and Buddhist teachers) use to free beings into enlightenment
    • Sanskrit: upāya
    • Bur: ဥပါယ် upe (IPA: [ṵ pè])
    • Tib: ཐབས, thabs
    • Mn: арга, arga
    • 方便
      • Cn: fāngbiàn
      • Jp: hōben
      • Vi: phương tiện
    upekkha equanimity
    • Pāli: upekkhā
    • Sanskrit: upekṣā
    • Bur: ဥပက္ခာ upyikkha (IPA: [ṵpjɪʔkʰà])
    • Thai: อุเบกขา u-bek-kha
    • Tib: བཏང་སྙོམས་, btang snyoms
    • Mn: тэгшид барихуй, tegshid barihui
    • 镇定，沉着, 捨
      • Cn: Zhèndìng, chénzhuó
      • Jp: sha
    urna A concave circular dot on the forehead between the eyebrows
    • Sanskrit: urna
    • Mn: билгийн мэлмий, bilgiin melmii
    • 白毫
      • Jp: byakugō
      • Vi: bạch hào
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    Vajrayana, The third major branch, alongside Hinayana and Mahayana, according to Tibetan Buddhism's view of itself
    • Sanskrit: vajrayāna, lit. "diamond vehicle"
    • Bur: ဝဇိရယာန wazeirayana (IPA: [wəzeiɹa̰ jàna̰])
    • Thai: วชิรญาณ wachira-yaan
    • Mn: Очирт хөлгөн, ochirt khölgön
    • 金剛乘
      • Cn: Jīngāng shèng
      • Jp: Kongō jō
      • Vi: Kim cương thừa
    Vairocana,
    • Sanskrit: वैरोचन
    • Tib: རྣམ་པར་སྣང་མཛད། rNam-par-snang mdzad
    • Mn: ᠪᠢᠷᠦᠵᠠᠨ᠎ ᠠ᠂ ᠮᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠋᠋ᠭᠡᠢᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ;
      Бярузана, Машид Гийгүүлэн Зохиогч, Гэгээн Гэрэлт;
      Biruzana, Masida Geyigülün Zohiyaghci, Gegegen Gereltü
    • 毗盧遮那佛, 大日如來
      • Cn: Pílúzhēnàfó
      • Jp: Dainichi Nyorai, Birushana-butsu
      • Vi: Đại Nhật Như Lai
    Vāsanā habitual tendencies or dispositions
    • Pāli and Sanskrit: Vāsanā
    • Bur: ဝါသနာ wathana (IPA: [wàðanà])
    • 習気
      • Jp: jikke
    Vinaya Pitaka, The first basket of the Tripitaka canon, which deals with the rules of monastic life
    • Pāli, Sanskrit: vinaya-piṭaka, lit. "discipline basket"
    • Bur: ဝိနည်းပိဋကတ် wini pitakat (IPA: [wḭní pḭdəɡaʔ])
    • Mon: ဝိနဲ ([wìʔnòa])
    • Shan: ဝီႉၼႄး ([wi˥˩ ɛ˦])
    • Thai: วินัย wi-nai
    • Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ dul-bai sde-snod
    • Mn: Винайн аймаг сав, vinain aimag sav
    • 律藏
      • Cn: Lǜzàng
      • Jp: Ritsuzō
      • Vi: Luật tạng
    vipassana Usually translated as "Insight" meditation, most associated with the Theravāda tradition, but also present in some other traditions such as Tiantai. Often combined with śamatha meditation
    • from vi-√dṛś: to see apart
    • Pāli: vipassanā
    • Sanskrit: vipaśyanā, vidarśanā
    • Bur: ဝိပဿနာ wipathana (IPA: [wḭpaʔθanà])
    • Shan: ဝီႉပၢတ်ႈသၼႃႇ ([wi˥ paːt˧ sʰa˩ naː˨])
    • Thai: วิปัสสนา wipadsana
    • Tib: ལྷག་མཐོངlhag mthong
    • Mn: үлэмж үзэл, ulemj uzel
    • 觀,観
      • Cn: guān
      • Jp: kan
      • Vi: quán
    viriya energy, enthusiastic perseverance
    • from
    • Pāli: viriya
    • Sanskrit: vīrya,
    • Tib: brtson-grus
    • Thai: วิริยะ wiriya
    • 能量
      • Cn: néngliàng
      • Jp: nōryō
      • Vi: năng-lượng
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    yāna divisions or schools of Buddhism according to their type of practice (lit. "vehicle")
    • Pāli: yāna
    • Sanskrit: yāna
    • 乘
      • Cn: shèng
      • Jp: jō
      • Vi: thừa
    Definition Etymology In other languages
    zazen Sitting meditation as practiced in the Zen School of Buddhism
    • Japanese: 坐禅
    • 坐禪
      • Cn: zuòchán
      • Kr: jwaseon
      • Vi: toạ thiền
    Zen School A branch of Mahayana originating in China that originally emphasizes non-dualism and intuition. Modern monastic forms have a strong emphasis on zazen (Korean) or on zazen combined with militaristic top-down hazing (Japanese)
    • Japanese: 禅宗 Zen-shu
    • 禪宗
      • Cn: Chánzōng
      • Vi: Thiền tông
    zendo In Zen, a hall where zazen is practiced
    • Japanese: 禅堂
    • 禪堂
      • Cn: chántáng
      • Vi: thiền đường
  •  

The thousand buddhas

Photo showing Dunhuang Cave 16 and the manuscripts piled up for Aurel Stein near the entrance to Cave 17, the “library cave” at the Mogao Caves
Temple of One Thousand Buddhas, in la Boulaye, Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy
The list of 1002 (or 1004) names starts with:[4]
... and ends with ...[5]
  • Harivaktra
  • Chuda and
  • Rocha
  •  

Qualities

There is an expansive number of associations with each element of the mandala, so that the mandala becomes a cipher and mnemonic visual thinking instrument and concept map; a vehicle for understanding and decoding the whole of the Dharma. Some of the associations include:
Family/Buddha Colour ← Element → Symbolism Cardinality → Wisdom → Attachments → Gestures Means → Maladaptation to Stress Season Wisdom
Buddha/Vairocana white ← space → wheel center → all accommodating → rūpa → Teaching the Dharma Turning the Wheel of Dharma → ignorance n/a 法界体性智, Hokkai taishō chi: The wisdom of the essence of the dharma-realm meditation mudra.[6]
Karma/Amoghasiddhi green ← air, wind → double vajra north → all accomplishing → mental formation, concept → fearlessness protect, destroy → envy, jealousy summer 成所作智, Jōshosa chi: The wisdom of perfect practice.
Padma/Amitābha red ← fire → lotus west → inquisitive → perception → meditation magnetize, subjugate → selfishness spring 妙観察智, Myōkanza chi: The wisdom of observation.
Ratna/Ratnasambhava gold/yellow ← earth → jewel south → equanimous → feeling → giving enrich, increase → pride, greed autumn 平等性智, Byōdōshō chi: The wisdom of equanimity.
Vajra/Akshobhya blue ← water → sceptre, vajra east → nondualist → vijñāna → humility pacify → aggression winter 大円鏡智, Daienkyō chi: The wisdom of reflection.
The five Tathāgathas are protected by five Wisdom Kings, and in Japan are frequently depicted together in the Mandala of the Two Realms and are in the Shurangama Mantra revealed in the Śūraṅgama Sūtra. They each are often depicted with consorts, and preside over their own pure lands. In East Asia, the aspiration to be reborn in a pure land is the central point of Pure Land Buddhism. Although all five Buddhas have pure lands, it appears that only Sukhavati of Amitābha, and to a much lesser extent Abhirati of Akshobhya (where great masters like Vimalakirti and Milarepa are said to dwell) attracted aspirants.


Buddha (Skt) Consort Dhyani Bodhisattva Pure land Bīja
Vairocana White Tara or Dharmadhatvishvari Samantabhadra central pure land Akanistha Ghanavyuha Om
Akshobhya Locanā Vajrapani eastern pure land Abhirati Hum
Amitābha Pandara [7] Avalokiteśvara western pure land Sukhavati Hrih
Ratnasaṃbhava Mamaki [8] Ratnapani southern pure land Shrimat Tram
Amoghasiddhi Green Tara[9][10] Viśvapāni northern pure land Prakuta [es] Ah

List of Names

The names of the 35 Buddhas of confession differ depending on the sutra. A common classification in Tibetan Buddhism is as follows:[2]



Sanskrit Tibetan Tibetan pronunciation English
Śākyamuni ཤཱཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ་ shakya tup-pa Shakyamuni
Vajrapramardī རྡོ་རྗེ་སྙིང་པོས་རབ་ཏུ་འཇོམས་པ dorjé nyingpö raptu jompa Thoroughly Conquered with Vajra Essence
Ratnārśiṣ རིན་ཆེན་འོད་འཕྲོ rinchen ö-tro Radiant Jewel
Nāgeśvararāja ཀླུ་དབང་གི་རྒྱལ་པོ luwang gi gyelpo King, Lord of the Nagas
Vīrasena དཔའ་བོའི་སྡེ pawö-dé Army of Heroes
Vīranandī དཔའ་བོ་དགྱེས pawö-gyé Delighted Hero
Ratnāgni རིན་ཆེན་མེ rinchen-mé Jewel Fire
Ratnacandraprabha རིན་ཆེན་ཟླ་འོད rinchen da-ö Jewel Moonlight
Amoghadarśi མཐོང་བ་དོན་ཡོད tongwa dönyö Meaningful Vision
Ratnacandra རིན་ཆེན་ཟླ་བ rinchen dawa Jewel Moon
Vimala དྲི་མ་མེད་པ drima mépa Stainless One
Śūradatta དཔའ་སྦྱིན pa-jin Glorious Giving
Brahma ཚངས་པ tsangpa Pure One
Brahmadatta ཚངས་པས་སྦྱིན་ tsangpé jin Giving of Purity
Varuṇa ཆུ་ལྷ chu lha Water God
Varuṇadeva ཆུ་ལྷའི་ལྷ chu lhaé lha Deity of the Water Gods
Bhadraśrī དཔལ་བཟང pel-zang Glorious Goodness
Candanaśrī ཙན་དན་དཔལ tsenden pel Glorious Sandalwood
Anantaujas གཟི་བརྗིད་མཐའ་ཡས ziji tayé Infinite Splendour
Prabhāśrī འོད་དཔལ ö pel Glorious Light
Aśokaśrī མྱ་ངན་མེད་པའི་དཔལ་ nyangen mépé pel Sorrowless Glory
Nārāyaṇa སྲེད་མེད་ཀྱི་བུ sémé-kyi bu Son of Non-craving
Kusumaśrī མེ་ཏོག་དཔལ métok pel Glorious Flower
Tathāgata Brahmajyotivikrīḍitābhijña དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ་ཚངས་པའི་འོད་ཟེར་རྣམ་པར་རོལ་པ་མངོན་པར་མཁྱེན་པ dézhin shekpa tsangpé özer nampar rölpa ngönpar khyenpa Pure Light Rays Clearly Knowing by Play
Tathāgata Padmajyotirvikrīditābhijña དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ་པདྨའི་འོད་ཟེར་རྣམ་པར་རོལ་པས་མངོན་པར་མཁྱེན་པ dézhin shekpa pémé özer nampar rölpé ngönpar khyenpa Lotus light Rays Clearly knowing by Play
Dhanaśrī ནོར་དཔལ norpel Glorious Wealth
Smṛtiśrī དྲན་པའི་དཔལ drenpé pel Glorious Mindfulness
Suparikīrtitanāmagheyaśrī མཚན་དཔལ་ཤིན་ཏུ་ཡོངས་སུ་གྲགས་པ tsenpel shintu yongsu drakpa Renowned Glorious Name
Indraketudhvajarāja དབང་པོའི་ཏོག་གི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་གྱི་རྒྱལ་པོ wangpö tok-gi gyeltsen-gyi gyelpo King of the Victory Banner that Crowns the Sovereign
Suvikrāntaśrī ཤིན་ཏུ་རྣམ་པར་གནོན་པའི་དཔལ shintu nampar nönpé pel Glorious One Who Fully Subdues
Yuddhajaya གཡུལ་ལས་རྣམ་པར་རྒྱལ་བ yül lé nampar gyelwa Utterly Victorious in Battle
Vikrāntagāmī རྣམ་པར་གནོན་པའི་གཤེགས་པའི་དཔལ nampar nönpé shekpé pel Glorious Transcendence Through Subduing
Samantāvabhāsavyūhaśrī ཀུན་ནས་སྣང་བ་བཀོད་པའི་དཔལ kün-né nangwa köpé pel Glorious Manifestations Illuminating All
Ratnapadmavikramī རིན་ཆེན་པདྨའི་རྣམ་པར་གནོན་པ Rinchen padmé nampar nönpa Jewel Lotus who Subdues All
Ratnapadmasupraṭiṣṭhita-śailendrarāja དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པ་དགྲ་བཅོམ་པ་ཡང་དག་པར་རྫོགས་པའི་སངས་རྒྱས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་དང་པདྨ་ལ་རབ་ཏུ་བཞུགས་པའི་རི་དབང་གི་རྒྱལ་པོ Dézhin shekpa drachompa yangdakpar dzokpé sanggyé rinpoché dang padama la raptu zhukpé riwang gi gyelpo All-subduing Jewel Lotus, Arhat, Perfectly Completed Buddha, King of the Lord of the Mountains Firmly Seated on Jewel and Lotus

The 10 Bodhisattas

Maitreya

Main article: Maitreya
According to the Anāgatavamsa, Maitreya buddha was a monk disciple named Ajita. One day, Gotamī offered a golden robe to Gotama and his disciples. As no disciple accepted it, Ajita accepted the offering. The monk crowd were not satisfied as they felt that the robe was dedicated to the Buddha. In order to prove that Ajita is his successor, Gotama Buddha hid his emerald alms bowl and told his disciples to help retrieve it. Only Ajita was able to retrieve his bowl. After getting his alms bowl back, Gotama Buddha explained to his disciples that Ajita would become the next future Buddha. He also had told the future biography of Maitreya as Sāriputtara requested for it. After getting the omen, Ajita donated Gotami's robe as the ceiling of the monastery.[3] Maitreya is currently residing at the Tushita realm.

Uttararama

In the time of the Kassapa Buddha, King Uttarāma was a young man named Nārada. When he saw the Buddha he thought it worthwhile to give his life for the Buddha. And he burnt himself, like a torch. Then the Buddha Kassapa foretold that Nārada would be the future buddha.[4]
After Maitreya Buddha died, there will be 100,000 Sunya-Kalpas. After the 100,000 Sunya-Kalpas, there will be a Maṇḍa-Kalpa. In the Maṇḍa-Kalpa, he will become Rāma Buddha (Rāmasambuddha Buddha).

Pasenadi

Main article: Pasenadi
King Pasenadi of Kosala was an Upāsaka of Gotama Buddha. He usually invited him and his disciples to his palace for meals and also went to Buddha's Place to listen to his Dharma.[5]
In the time of Koṇāgamana Buddha, he was a young man named Suddha. He guarded lotuses in a lake. He sold two flowers every day. Having appreciated his work, he foretold him that he would be the a future Buddha. He also had protected him against the heat of the sun with two pieces of cloth. After his death he was reborn in one of the desire realm.[6]
In the future, he will become a future Buddha named Dhammarājā Buddha in the same kalpa as Ramasambhddha Buddha.

Abhibhū

Abhibhū Buddha will be born in the next Sārā-kalpa which will be formed a few Sunya-Kalpas later. After Abhibhū Buddha died, there will be another 100,000 Sunya-Kalpa.

Dīghasoni

In the newly formed Kalpa, Dīghasoni asurin (Rahu Asurin), a deva, will become a Buddha first.

Caṅkī

Caṅkī (Candanī), a brahmin, will become a successor of Dīghasoni.[7]

Subha

According to the Majjhima Nikāya of the Pali Canon, Subha was the son of Todeyya.[8]
When Gotama Buddha visited Subha's house, his pet dog barked continuously. As soon as he revealed the past of the dog, it ran away in fear. When Subha knew about the matter, he went to the Buddha to disprove his statements. However, he only told him to ask his pet about the possessions he buried in the past life. As they could find the hidden possessions, Subha began to respect him and to do donations for his father.
Another time, Subha asked the Buddha a seven sets of questions about the difference between humans. Having got satisfactory answers, he decided to become a devoted buddhist and to practise Pāramitā. The Buddha didn't have them the omen, as their practice to gain enlightenment was not complete.[9]

Todeyya

Todeyya was a rich Brahmin. Despite the wealth, he didn't manage to donate his possessions and hid them instead. Because of his obsession, he became a pet dog of Subha in the afterlife.[8]

Nāḷāgiri

Nāḷāgiri was the elephant that was used by Devadatta to murder Gotama Buddha. It was fed sixteen pots of alcohol and ordered to fight the Buddha.[10] When it was rushing towards him, he gently soothed the drunk elephant. He then began to preach some Dharma.
After preaching, the elephant was tamed and paid respect to Buddha, then gradually walked away. Gotama Buddha did not give him the omen but had told him to do the Five precepts. It also had got another name, "Danapāla".[11]

Palileyya

Gotama Buddha once left alone to the Palileyaka village due to the conflict between his disciples. The villagers built a monastery for him at the Rakkhita forest which was near their village.
Meanwhile, an elephant named Palileya (Burmese: ပလလဲ) left his family because he felt cramped. He thought that living alone would be a solution. Then, he met the Buddha at his monastery. The Buddha told him about the benefits of solitude.[12]
In the Jinatthapakāsanī (The explicit life of Buddha) written by Kyee Thel Lay Htet Sayadaw, Palileya looked after the Buddha. He usually guarded while he was sleeping. He gave a lot of fresh fruits to him and followed him to the village during alms. He had taken care of him for a Vassa(three months). After three months, Gotama Buddha had to leave him. He told him that he was not ready to practise for enlightenment. Palileyya died of grief. In the afterlife he became a Deva named Palileyya in the Tāvatiṃsa realm.[13]
According to the Hmannan Yazawin of Myanmar, it is believed that the Bagan Kings, Thamoddarit, Anawrahta and Kyaswa are the future lives of Palileyya.[14]. King Myet-Hna Shay of Prome was also believed to be another afterlife as he spent most of his time mediating at a pagoda.[15]


Classification

 

Five Great Bodhisattvas

Chapter 7 of the Humane King Sutra provides an enumeration of five bodhisattvas, known as the "Five Bodhisattvas of Great Power (五大力菩薩)." There are two Chinese translations of this text, each providing an entirely different name to these figures. Their association with the cardinal directions also differs between versions.[7] They are as follows:
Old translation (Kumaravija) Direction New translation (Amoghavajra) Direction
無量力吼 West Vajrapāramitā (剛波羅蜜多) Central
雷電吼 North Vajrayakṣa (金剛夜叉) North
無畏方吼 East Vajratīkṣṇa (金剛利) West
龍王吼 South Vajraratna (金剛宝) South
金剛吼 Central Vajrapāṇi (金剛手) East

Sixteen Bodhisattvas

The Niṣpannayogāvalī provides a list of bodhisattvas known as the "Sixteen Honored Ones of the Auspicious Aeon." They also appear in a Sutra with the same title (賢劫十六尊). They are as follows, along with their respective associated directions:
East South West North

Another set of sixteen are known as the "Sixteen Great Bodhisattvas" and make up a portion of the Diamond Realm Mandala. They are associated with the Buddhas of the cardinal directions.
Akṣobhya
(East)		 Ratnasaṃbhava
(South)		 Amitābha
(West)		 Amoghasiddhi
(North)

Twenty-five Bodhisattvas

According to the Sūtra on Ten Methods of Rebirth in Amitābha Buddha's Land (十往生阿彌陀佛國經), those people who are devoted to attaining rebirth in the Western Pure Land are protected by a great number of bodhisattvas. Twenty-five of them are given by name:

Misc

Tibetan: པདྨ་འབྱུང་གནས།, THL: Pemajungné, Mongolian: ловон Бадмажунай, Chinese: 莲花生大士; pinyin: Liánhuāshēng
Padmasambhāva "Lotus-Born", also known as Guru Rinpoche, is a literary character of terma,[8] an emanation of Amitābha that is said to appear to tertöns in visionary encounters and a focus of Tibetan Buddhist practice, particularly in the Nyingma school.
(Chinese: 伽藍; pinyin: Qiélán; Vietnamese: Già Lam)
Only revered in Chinese Buddhism and Taoism, Sangharama refer to a group of devas who guard viharas and the faith, but the title is usually referring to the legendary Chinese military general Guan Yu, who became a dharmapala through becoming a Buddhist and making vows.
(Chinese: 白傘蓋佛頂; pinyin: Bái Sǎngài Fúdǐng; Japanese pronunciation: Byakusangai Butchō; Korean: 시타타파트라), Tibetan: གདུགས་དཀར།, Mongolian: Цагаан шүхэрт)
Sitātapatrā "the White Parasol"[9] is a protector against supernatural danger. She is venerated in both Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions. She is also known as Uṣṇīṣa Sitatapatra. Sitātapatrā is a powerful independent deity as she was emanated by Gautama Buddha from his uṣṇīṣa. Whoever practices her mantra will be reborn in Amitābha's pure land as well as gaining protection against supernatural danger and black magic.
Chinese: 韋馱; pinyin: Wéituó; Japanese pronunciation: Idaten; Korean: 위타천; Vietnamese: Vi Đà, Tibetan: གདོང་དྲུག་, THL: Dongdruk, Mongolian: Арван Хоёр Нууд) Skanda is regarded as a devoted guardian of viharas and the Buddhist teachings. He is the leader of the twenty-four celestial guardian deities mentioned in the Golden Light Sutra. In Chinese temples, Skanda faces the statue of the Buddha in the main shrine. In others, he is on the far right of the main shrine, whereas on the left is his counterpart, Sangharama, personified as the historical general Guan Yu. In Chinese sutras, his image is found at the end of the sutra, a reminder of his vow to protect and preserve the teachings.
Mentioned in Shantideva's Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra.
(Ch: 日光, Rìguāng, Kr. Ilgwang, Jp: Nikkō) One of two attendants of Bhaisajyaguru, together with Candraprabha.
(Ch: 月光, Yuèguāng, Kr. Wolgwang, Jp: Gakkō) One of two attendants of Bhaisajyaguru, together with Sūryaprabha.
(Ch. 多羅, Duō luó) Female bodhisattva, or set of bodhisattvas, in Tibetan Buddhism. She represents the virtues of success in work and achievements. Also a manifestation of Avalokiteśvara.
Vasudhārā whose name means "stream of gems" in Sanskrit, is the bodhisattva of wealth, prosperity, and abundance. She is popular in many Buddhist countries and is a subject in Buddhist legends and art. Originally an Indian bodhisattva, her popularity has spread to Theravadin countries. Her popularity, however, peaks in Nepal, where she has a strong following among the Buddhist Newars of the Kathmandu Valley and is thus a central figure in Newar Buddhism.[10] She is named Shiskar Apa in Lahul and Spiti.

 

Four Great Bodhisattvas

There are several lists of four Bodhisattvas according to scripture and local tradition.
Popular Chinese Buddhism generally lists the following, as they are associated with the Four Sacred Mountains:
The Womb Realm Mandala of Esoteric Buddhism provides another enumeration. These bodhisattvas are featured in the Eight Petal Hall in the center of the mandala. They are as follows:
The Avataṃsaka Sūtra mentions four bodhisattvas, each of whom expounds a portion of the Fifty-two Stages of Bodhisattva Practice.
The Lotus Sutra provides a list of bodhisattvas that are the leaders of the Bodhisattvas of the Earth.
  1. Acala
  2. Adi-Buddha
  3. Akshobhya
  4. Amitābha, principal Buddha of Pure Land Buddhism
  5. Amoghasiddhi
  6. Bhaisajyaguru
  7. Budai
  8. Dīpankara Buddha
  9. Five Tathagatas
  10. Gautama Buddha
  11. Kakusandha
  12. Kassapa Buddha
  13. Koṇāgamana Buddha
  14. Lokesvararaja
  15. Nairatmya
  16. Nichiren Daishonin, Buddha of the Latter Day of the Law (Nikko Lineage)
  17. Padumuttara Buddha
  18. Padmasambhava
  19. Ratnasambhava
  20. Sikhī Buddha
  21. Sumedha Buddha
  22. Tara
  23. Tonpa Shenrab
  24. Vairocana, embodiment of the Dharmakaya
  25. Vajradhara
  26. Vajrayogini
  27. Vipassī Buddha
  28. Yeshe Tsogyal

 

The Seven Buddhas of Antiquity

In the earliest strata of Pali Buddhist texts, especially in the first four Nikayas, only the following seven Buddhas, The Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Saptatathāgata), are explicitly mentioned and named:
  1. Vipassī
  2. Sikhī
  3. Vessabhū
  4. Kakusandha
  5. Koṇāgamana
  6. Kassapa
  7. Gautama
One sutta called Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta from an early Buddhist text called the Digha Nikaya also mentions that following the Seven Buddhas of Antiquity, a Buddha named Maitreya is predicted to arise in the world.[4]
However, according to a text in the Theravada Buddhist tradition from a later strata (between 1st and 2nd century BCE) called the Buddhavamsa, twenty-one more Buddhas were added to the list of seven names in the early texts[5][6]. Other later Buddhist texts hold that each kalpa has 1,000, and Metteya to be the fifth and future Buddha of the bhadrakalpa.[7] The previous kalpa was the vyuhakalpa (Glorious aeon), and the present kalpa is called the bhadrakalpa (Auspicious aeon). Just as the Theravada tradition adds the names of 21 Buddhas to this initial list of seven Buddhas, Mahayana Buddhism adds even more names of Buddhas, sometimes claiming that there has been, is, and/or will be infinite number of Buddhas.
According to the Theravada tradition, the seven Buddhas named in the early Buddhist texts are said to be of the following number in the specified kalpa, bridging the vyuhakalpa and the bhadrakalpa:
  1. Vipassī (the 998th Buddha of the vyuhakalpa)
  2. Sikhī (the 999th Buddha of the vyuhakalpa)
  3. Vessabhū (the 1000th and final Buddha of the vyuhakalpa)
  4. Kakusandha (the first Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
  5. Koṇāgamana (the second Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
  6. Kassapa (the third Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
  7. Gautama (the fourth and present Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)

 

 

The 29 named Buddhas

Pāli name[15][16][17] Sanskrit name Caste[16][17] Birthplace[16][17] Parents[16][17] Bodhirukka (tree of enlightenment)[16][17][18] Incarnation of Gautama[17]
1 Taṇhaṅkara Tṛṣṇaṃkara Kshatriya Popphavadi King Sunandha, and Queen Sunandhaa Rukkaththana
2 Medhaṅkara Medhaṃkara Yaghara Sudheva, and Yasodhara Kaela
3 Saraṇaṅkara Śaraṇaṃkara Vipula Sumangala, and Yasawathi Pulila
4 Dīpaṃkara Dīpaṃkara Brahmin Rammawatinagara Sudheva, and Sumedhaya Pipphala Sumedha (also Sumati or Megha Mānava, a rich Brahman)[19]
5 Koṇḍañña Kauṇḍinya Kshatriya Rammawatinagara Sunanda, and Sujata Salakalyana Vijitawi (a Chakravarti in Chandawatinagara of Majjhimadesa)
6 Maṅgala Maṃgala Brahmin[20] Uttaranagara (Majhimmadesa) Uttara, and Uttara a naga Suruchi (in Siribrahmano)
7 Sumana Sumanas Kshatriya[20] Mekhalanagara Sudassana and Sirima a naga King Atulo, a Naga
8 Revata[21] Raivata Brahmin[20] Sudhannawatinagara Vipala and Vipula a naga A Veda-versed Brahman
9 Sobhita Śobhita Kshatriya[20] Sudhammanagara Sudhammanagara (father) and Sudhammanagara (mother) a naga Sujata, a Brahman (in Rammavati)
10 Anomadassi Anavamadarśin Brahmin[20] Chandawatinagara Yasava and Yasodara ajjuna A Yaksha king
11 Paduma[22] Padma Kshatriya[20] Champayanagara Asama, and Asama salala A lion
12 Nārada Nārada Dhammawatinagara King Sudheva and Anopama sonaka a tapaso in Himalayas
13 Padumuttara[23] Padmottara Kshatriya Hansawatinagara Anurula, and Sujata salala Jatilo an ascetic
14 Sumedha Sumedha Kshatriya Sudasananagara Sumedha (father), and Sumedha (mother) nipa Native of Uttaro
15 Sujāta Sujāta Sumangalanagara Uggata, and Pabbavati welu a chakravarti
16 Piyadassi[24] Priyadarśin Sudannanagara Sudata, and Subaddha kakudha Kassapa, a Brahmin (at Siriwattanagara)
17 Atthadassi Arthadarśin Kshatriya Sonanagara Sagara and Sudassana champa Susino, a Brahman
18 Dhammadassī Dharmadarśin Kshatriya Surananagara Suranamaha, and Sunanada bimbajala Indra, the leader of the gods (devas)
19 Siddhattha Siddhārtha Vibharanagara Udeni, and Suphasa kanihani Mangal, a Brahman
20 Tissa Tiṣya Khemanagara Janasando, and Paduma assana King Sujata of Yasawatinagara
21 Phussa[25] Puṣya Kshatriya Kāśi Jayasena, and Siremaya amalaka Vijitavi
22 Vipassī Vipaśyin Kshatriya Bandhuvatinagara Vipassi (father), and Vipassi (mother) pāṭalī (Stereospermum chelonoides) King Atula
23 Sikhī Śikhin Kshatriya Arunavattinagara Arunavatti, and Paphavatti puṇḍarīka (Mangifera indica) Arindamo (at Paribhuttanagara)
24 Vessabhū Viśvabhū Kshatriya Anupamanagara Suppalittha, and Yashavati sāla (Shorea robusta) Sadassana (in Sarabhavatinagara)
25 Kakusandha Krakucchanda Brahmin Khemavatinagara Aggidatta the purohita Brahman of King Khema, and Visakha sirīsa (Albizia lebbeck) King Khema[26]
26 Koṇāgamana Kanakamuni Brahmin[27] Sobhavatinagara Yaññadatta the Brahman, and Uttara udumbara (Ficus racemosa) King Pabbata of a mountainous area in Mithila
27 Kassapa[28] Kāśyapa Brahmin Baranasinagara Brahmadatta a Brahman, and Dhanavati nigrodha (Ficus benghalensis) Jotipala (at Vappulla)
28 Gotama (current) Gautama (current) Kshatriya Lumbini King Suddhodana, and Māyā assattha (Ficus religiosa) Gautama, the Buddha
29 Metteyya Maitreya Brahmin[29] Ketumatī[30] Subrahma and Brahmavati[30] nāga (Mesua ferrea)

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